1. Three Eras: Enlightenment, Romantic, and Victorian

2. Enlightenment increasing empiricism scientific rigor increasing questioning of religious orthodoxy Rationalism Logic over tradition

3. Blake Songs of experience Song of innocence Pastoral ideology

4. Swift Modest Proposal – Social satire Gulliver’s Travels satire of society as created in parts 1,2 and 4 parody of the travel narrative

5. Romantic poets – individualism – the natural world – idealism – physical and emotional passion – interest in the mystic and supernatural – Common man – Freedom and revolution – opposition to the order and rationality of classical and neoclassical artistic

6. Mutability Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792 - 1822 We are as clouds that veil the midnight moon; How restlessly they speed, and gleam, and quiver, Streaking the darkness radiantly!—yet soon Night closes round, and they are lost for ever: Or like forgotten lyres, whose dissonant strings Give various response to each varying blast, To whose frail frame no second motion brings One mood or modulation like the last. We rest.—A dream has power to poison sleep; We rise.—One wandering thought pollutes the day; We feel, conceive or reason, laugh or weep; Embrace fond woe, or cast our cares away: It is the same!—For, be it joy or sorrow, The path of its departure still is free: Man’s yesterday may ne’er be like his morrow; Nought may endure but Mutability.

7. What is a Byronic Hero? Charismatic characters with strong passions and beliefs Act in ways which are contrary to mainstream society Tend to be fearless and volatile in their emotions and behavior Mostly a handsome male Own philosophy which he will not change Has internal conflicts that are romanticized Broods over his struggles and beliefs

8. Victorian Era Marked as an age of peace and economic growth Victoria becomes queen of England, 1837 Voter rights in England are expanded to any man with land worth 10 pounds or more. Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, English people called for reforms to unsafe living and working conditions. Violent rallies called for fair food prices and votes for ALL people Due to trade, food prices did eventually drop and the diet of most English people improved. Factory acts limited child labor; reducing the working day to ten hours

9. Vocabulary Sustenance – Nourishment; provisions

10. Vocabulary Glut – Surfeit; overabunance

11. Vocabulary deference – Respect; high regard

12. Vocabulary Scrupulous – Meticulous; detail-oriented

13. Vocabulary Censure – Reproach; criticize

14. Vocabulary expedient – Efficient in accomplishing a task

15. Vocabulary Digressed – go off the point; tangential

16. Vocabulary procure – Obtain; aquire

17. Vocabulary brevity – Shortness; brief

18. Vocabulary Animosity – Hatred; scorn for something

19. Vocabulary Dehumanization – denial of humanness to other people

20. Vocabulary Mantra – Saying of which you place religious or philosophical belief into

21. Vocabulary Superficially – Meaningful on the surface

22. Vocabulary Dictum – A worthwhile statement; a statement of importance

23. Vocabulary Elitism – Practice or belief that one is of a select group

24. Vocabulary Aphorism – Saying; maxim; adage

25. Vocabulary Repertoire – range; skills; stock

26. Vocabulary Conflated – To bring together in a way that heightens issue or concept at hand

27. Vocabulary Metonyms – Items that are parts of something that stand for the whole

28. Vocabulary Elided – To suppress or strike out

29. Vocabulary Antithesis – The exact opposite of something

30. Vocabulary Narcissism – Egotism; self-importance

31. Vocabulary Proletariat – Labor class

32. Vocabulary Abysmal – Terrible or dreadful

33. Vocabulary Acolyte – Assistant

34. Vocabulary Denigrates – To lessen the value of

35. Vocabulary Exploitation – To use in a destructive way

36. Vocabulary Succumb – Give into