1. Human Regulation

2. Regulation: HOMEOSTASIS!
The life process by which the human body responds to its changing (inside and outside) environment.
Constant adjustments made as a result of the changing environment help maintain…
HOMEOSTASIS!

3. Nervous System Endocrine System
Regulation:
Nervous System
Endocrine System

4. Main Function: The Nervous System
Responds to internal and external stimuli
by controlling and coordinating functions throughout the body
Our nervous system allows us to feel pain and react to it!

5. brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs
The Nervous System
Consists of:
brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs
Sense Organs: Eyes, Skin, Ears, Nose & Tongue

6. 2 Divisions of the Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
Central Nervous System
(CNS)
nerves extending throughout body
Gathers & delivers info to and from the CNS
brain & spinal cord
Main control center of body

7. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
All of the Organs the PNS  controls!!!

8. The Neuron (Nerve Cell)
Neurons carry messages called impulses back and forth between the
peripheral nervous system and the
central nervous system.

9. Impulse in a Neuron signal direction ONE WAY dendrites nucleus
terminal
branches
signal direction
ONE WAY
cell body
synapse
(space)
axon

10. Impulse in a Neuron
synapse
(space)
axon

11. Axon is coated with insulation made of myelin cells (Lipids)
signal
direction
With myelin…signal hops from node to node at 330mph! (vs. only 11mph)
Multiple Sclerosis
immune system attacks myelin coating
loss of signal
myelin coating

12. Because neurons never touch, chemical signalers called neurotransmitters must travel through the space called synapse between two neurons.
synapse

13. The message is transferred when RECEPTORS receive neurotransmitters.
Synapse (gap)

14. Receptors: Protein Shape Specific! Drugs/Poisons
Stimulants - Speed up production and release of neurotransmitters (Caffeine)
Depressants – block formation of neurotransmitters. (Pain Killers)

21. Which cell (X or Y) shows the receptor molecules?
What would a drug that interferes with communication between these two cells look like?

22. Sensory Neuron Interneuron Motor Neuron Types of Neurons Synapse
Muscle Contracts
Motor Neuron
Sensory Neuron

23. 3 Types of neurons sensory neuron (from senses) receive stimulus
interneuron
CNS
motor neuron
(to effector – muscle/gland)
produces response

24. Axons branching out to muscle fibers
Motor Neurons
Axons branching out to muscle fibers

25. Fun facts about neurons
Most specialized cell in animals
Longest cell
blue whale neuron
10-30 meters
giraffe axon
5 meters
human neuron
1-2 meters
Nervous system allows for 1 millisecond response time

26. Simplest Nerve Circuit – Reflex Arc2 3
1.Receptor
2.Sensory Neuron
3.Interneuron
4.Motor Neuron
5.Effector 1 4 5

27. A reflex is an involuntary response that is processed in the spinal cord not the brain.
Reflexes protect the body before the brain knows what is going on.
*faster because they don’t have to travel to brain!
Reflex Arc

28. Watch Again!!! 2 3 1 4 5 1.Receptor 2.Sensory Neuron 3.Interneuron
4.Motor Neuron
5.Effector 1 4 5

29. The Brain: Where do the impulses go???
Spinal Cord
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Medulla Oblongata

30. Brain - Receives 20% of blood pumped by heart
- Is the major user of glucose in the body
What does the brain use glucose for?
Consists of 3 Parts:
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla (Brain Stem)

31. Higher Brain: Cerebrum
2 hemispheres:
left controls the right side of body
right controls the left side of body

32. Cerebrum Functions Regions specialized for different functions 4 Lobes
1. frontal
speech, control of emotions
2. temporal
smell, hearing
3. occipital
vision
4. parietal
speech, taste reading
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

33. Cerebellum Found in back part of head under the cerebrum
coordination of smooth, steady and efficient MOVEMENT
BALANCE, equilibrium and posture
If damaged can result in jerky movement, loss of coordination and balance

34. Brain Stem (Medulla) Medulla Oblongata basic body functions
breathing
heartbeat
digestion
swallowing
vomiting
coughing
blinking
HOMEOSTASIS

36. CNS Protection Bone: Skull, Vertebrae Cartilage disks found
between vertebrate
absorb shock
Meninges (protective membrane) cover the brain and spinal cord
Cerebral Spinal Fluid surrounds Brain and Spinal Cord. Acts like a watery cushion!

37. When homeostasis is distrupted!

38. Cerebral Palsy: A group of birth disorders characterized by disturbances of motor functions.

39. Polio: A viral disease of the CNS that can cause paralysis.
Prevented by immunization!

40. Meningitis – an inflammation, caused by bacteria, of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Can be fatal.
Symptoms: severe headache, stiff neck

41. Concussion:
The Brain is a soft organ
protected by your hard skull
surrounded by spinal fluid (cushion that keeps your brain from banging into your skull)
Hard hit/fall=Brain crashes into your skull=Damaged Brain