2. Phylum Porifera By Nora Phillips (sponges)

3. General Info Most primitive multi-cellular organisms- have cellular-level organization - cells are not organized into tissues, instead, each do their job independentlyMost primitive multi-cellular organisms- have cellular-level organization - cells are not organized into tissues, instead, each do their job independentlyTaxonomy Kingdom-AnimaliaKingdom-Animalia Phylum-PoriferaPhylum-Porifera Three Classes-Calcarea, Hexatinellida, DemospongiaeThree Classes-Calcarea, Hexatinellida, Demospongiae

4. Anatomy Poriferians are either totally asymmetrical or radically symmetricalPoriferians are either totally asymmetrical or radically symmetrical Can be from a few mm to over a meter in diameterCan be from a few mm to over a meter in diameter Have a skeleton made from spicules- calcium carbonate or silica spikes or from spongin -flexible protein fibersHave a skeleton made from spicules- calcium carbonate or silica spikes or from spongin -flexible protein fibers All adult sponges are sessile meaning they cannot moveAll adult sponges are sessile meaning they cannot move Two types of openings in poriferians- ostia (pl. of ostium)-take water/food in, and waste goes out through the osciliumTwo types of openings in poriferians- ostia (pl. of ostium)-take water/food in, and waste goes out through the oscilium Inner part of sponge called spongoceolInner part of sponge called spongoceol

5. Anatomy (cntd) Amoeboid Cells - mobile cells that take food (detritus partials, plankton, bacteria) from choanocytes and digest it then take the nutrients to other parts of the spongeAmoeboid Cells - mobile cells that take food (detritus partials, plankton, bacteria) from choanocytes and digest it then take the nutrients to other parts of the sponge Four main types of cells

6. Anatomy (cntd) Chanocytes -collar cells- have flagella (undulipodium)-use to make currents that bring food particles into sponge through pores, use collar to catch foodChanocytes -collar cells- have flagella (undulipodium)-use to make currents that bring food particles into sponge through pores, use collar to catch food Four main types of cells

7. Anatomy (cntd) Porocytes -pore cells-line the insides of ostia- the pores that take water inPorocytes -pore cells-line the insides of ostia- the pores that take water in Pinacocytes- boundary cells-flat, polygonal cells that line the outside of the sponge, absorb oxygenPinacocytes- boundary cells-flat, polygonal cells that line the outside of the sponge, absorb oxygen Four main types of cells

8. Types of Poriferans Asconoid- shaped like tube penitrates with pores, single osculum, collar cells in spongeoceolAsconoid- shaped like tube penitrates with pores, single osculum, collar cells in spongeoceol Syconoids -larger than asconoids, tube- shaped with single osculum, but with thicker body walls, collar cells line inside of poresSyconoids -larger than asconoids, tube- shaped with single osculum, but with thicker body walls, collar cells line inside of pores Leucenoids -largest/most complex, masses of cells with canals that lead to numerous smaller chambers lined with collar cells water moves out through a central canal to the osculumLeucenoids -largest/most complex, masses of cells with canals that lead to numerous smaller chambers lined with collar cells water moves out through a central canal to the osculum

9. Class Calcarea Skeletons made of calcium-carbbonate spicules that are either one-rayed, two rayed, three-rayed or four-rayed and of similar sizesSkeletons made of calcium-carbbonate spicules that are either one-rayed, two rayed, three-rayed or four-rayed and of similar sizes Can have asconoid, synconoid or leuconoid constructionCan have asconoid, synconoid or leuconoid construction Mostly dull-colored, but can be red, yellow or lavenderMostly dull-colored, but can be red, yellow or lavender In general, smaller than other classes-usually les that 10 cmIn general, smaller than other classes-usually les that 10 cm Found in shallower waterFound in shallower water

10. Class Hexatinellida Skeleton made of six-rayed spicules, usually fused together to form a net-like skeletonSkeleton made of six-rayed spicules, usually fused together to form a net-like skeleton All have syconoid constructionAll have syconoid construction Found in deeper ocean, 450-5000 metersFound in deeper ocean, 450-5000 meters Best fossile record, old sponge fossil known was member of HexatinellidaBest fossile record, old sponge fossil known was member of Hexatinellida

11. Class Demospongiae Largest and most advanced classLargest and most advanced class Skeletons made from one to four-rayed, made siliceous spicules, spongin, or bothSkeletons made from one to four-rayed, made siliceous spicules, spongin, or both Spicules either megascleres (large) or microscleres (small) and are unfusedSpicules either megascleres (large) or microscleres (small) and are unfused Have leucenoid constructionHave leucenoid construction Can grow to be over a cubic meterCan grow to be over a cubic meter

12. Reproduction ReproduceReproduce asexually by budding AlsoAlso reproduce sexually-one sponge releases sperm-goes into spongoceol through ostia, ostia, captured by choanocytes, which then lose collars and carry to eggs SpongesSponges are hermaphodites-can hermaphodites-can play both male and female reproductive roles

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