1. A. How do we tell the location by letters and numbers?
 When a map is covered with squares, like a network of vertical lines and horizontal lines, we can use those letters and numbers marked on the vertical and horizontal lines to tell the location.
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2. B. How do we tell the location by grid references?
Grid lines
Are the vertical and horizontal lines which form the squares covering a map
Are marked with numbers
The vertical lines are called ‘eastings’
The horizontal lines are called ‘northings’
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3.  Then, give the number of the horizontal northing. Example:
Grid references
 When we tell a location by grid reference, we need to give the number of the vertical easting first.
 Then, give the number of the horizontal northing.
Example:
eastings number northings number
2 types of grid reference:
4-figure grid reference
6-figure grid reference
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6. Helps you to find the direction
C. What is a compass?
Compass
Helps you to find the direction
The coloured end of the compass needle always
points towards north
The other end points towards south
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7. Using the compass Put the compass on a flat place
Turn the compass slowly until the coloured end of the compass needle points to the letter ‘N’ and the black one points to the letter ‘S’
When the compass needle is resting in this position, we can use the compass to tell the direction of other places from us
 ‘N’ means ‘north’
 ‘S’ means ‘south’
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8. D. What are the sixteen points of the compass?
Totally, there are 16 directions marked on this compass
North (N), east (E), south (S) and west (W) are the cardinal points.
Northeast (NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW) and northwest (NW) are the points half way between each of the cardinal points.
In order to give more accurate directions, the angles between each of these eight points are divided again to give totally 16 directions.
These 16 directions are called ‘the sixteen points of the compass.
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9. E. How do we use whole circle bearing to tell direction?
Can tell direction accurately
There are 360° in a compass circle
North is 0°; East is 90°; South is 180° and West is °.
Place a protractor on a map and measure the direction of a place clockwise from 0°
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10. F. How do we use reduced bearing to tell direction?
 Measure the angle to the east or west of the north or south line
 Use degree ( ° ) as its unit, same as with the whole circle bearing
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11. Terms to learn:
 Grid lines - the vertical and horizontal lines forming squares covering a map
 Eastings - the vertical grid lines
 Northings - the horizontal grid lines
 Cardinal points - the four major compass points - north, east, south and west
 Sixteen points of the compass - the 16 directions marked on a compass
 Whole circle bearing - a method of telling direction by measuring the angle clockwise from 0° north
 Reduced bearing - a method of telling direction by measuring the angle east or west of the north or south lines
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12. Compass
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13. How to find the whole circle bearing
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14. How to find the reduced bearing
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15. Fig. 3.3
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