1. C1: Topic 4 Obtaining and Using Metals Literacy Starters Focus: Punctuation

2. C1.16 Ores Punctuate the following: very few metals occur as elements the more reactive a metal is the more easily it reacts with other substances to form compounds most metals are obtained from their compounds by chemical reactions these compounds which are mainly metal oxides are found in rocks called ores ores are rocks that contain enough of compound to extract a metal for profit for example the ore haematite contains enough iron oxide for it to be profitable to extract iron from it

3. C1.16 Ores Punctuate the following: Very few metals occur as elements. The more reactive a metal is, the more easily it reacts with other substances to form compounds. Most metals are obtained from their compounds by chemical reactions. These compounds, which are mainly metal oxides, are found in rocks called ores. Ores are rocks that contain enough of compound to extract a metal for profit. For example, the ore haematite contains enough iron oxide for it to be profitable to extract iron from it.

4. C1.17 Metal Extraction Sort out and punctuate! metalsandtheiroresarefoundintheearthscrust metalswhicharelowerinthereactivityseriescanb eextractedfromtheiroresbyheatingwithcarbon metalswhicharehigherinthereactivityseriescan notbeextractedbyheatingwithcarbonandneedt obeextractedbyelectrolysis

5. C1.17 Metal Extraction Sort out and punctuate! Metals and their ores are found in the Earth’s crust. Metals which are lower in the reactivity series can be extracted from their ores by heating with carbon. Metals which are higher in the reactivity series cannot be extracted by heating with carbon and need to be extracted by electrolysis.

6. C1.18 Oxidation and reduction Punctuate the following: 1. i live in the swedish town of kiruna 2. its being gradually moved further north 3. im scared my house may be demolished or moved 4. my mum doesnt know how much i want to stay 5. we might have to go and stay at aunt millies farm 6. i dont like staying with old relatives do you

7. C1.18 Oxidation and reduction Punctuate the following: 1. I live in the Swedish town of Kiruna. 2. It’s being gradually moved further north. 3. I’m scared my house may be demolished or moved. 4. My Mum doesn’t know how much i want to stay. 5. We might have to go and stay at Aunt Millie’s farm 6. I don’t like staying with old relatives do you?

8. C1.19 Place commas where needed 1. For most metals less energy is needed to recycle them than is needed to extract them from their ores. 2. Recycling produces less pollution. For example sulfur dioxide is formed when lead is extracted from the ore galena which contains lead sulfide and carbon dioxide a greenhouse gas is emitted when fossil fuels are used to generate the energy for electrolysis or reduction of ores.

9. C1.19 Place commas where needed 1. For most metals, less energy is needed to recycle them than is needed to extract them from their ores. 2. Recycling produces less pollution. For example, sulfur dioxide is formed when lead is extracted from the ore galena, which contains lead sulfide, and carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is emitted when fossil fuels are used to generate the energy for electrolysis or reduction of ores.

10. C1.20 Properties of metals Write this passage, putting in punctuation marks where needed. In 1779 the worlds first cast iron bridge was built across the river severn at coalbrookdale allowing easier transport across the river The use of iron as a structural material revolutionised bridge building allowing better bridges to be built than previously Coalbrookdale also gave the world its first iron rails and iron wheels

11. C1.20 Properties of metals Write this passage, putting in punctuation marks where needed. In 1779, the world’s first cast iron bridge was built across the River Severn at Coalbrookdale, allowing easier transport across the river. The use of iron as a structural material revolutionised bridge building, allowing better bridges to be built than previously. Coalbrookdale also gave the world its first iron rails and iron wheels.

12. C1.21 Alloys Rewrite these short passages correctly. You will need to add either a dash -, brackets (), or a semi colon ; Alloy steels are stronger than iron they need a bigger force to break them and some resist corrosion. Nitinol is an alloy of nickel and titanium. It is a smart material these materials have a property that changes with a change in conditions, usually temperature. Gold is not a pure metal other metals are added to it to improve its durability and strength.

13. C1.21 Alloys Rewrite these short passages correctly. You will need to add either a dash -, brackets (), or a semicolon ; Alloy steels are stronger than iron (they need a bigger force to break them and some resist corrosion). Nitinol is an alloy of nickel and titanium. It is a smart material - these materials have a property that changes with a change in conditions, usually temperature. Gold is not a pure metal; other metals are added to it to improve its durability and strength. So – when should we use dashes, brackets and semicolons?