1. Light Horse Breeds and Selection

2. Terms and Definitions Associated With Light Horse Breeds and Selection A. Aged horse. A horse over eight years old; often used to refer to a horse over twelve years old. B. Band. A group of brood mares turned loose together. C. Barefoot. Unshod. D. Bloodlines. The ancestry of an animal. E. Breed. Animals related by descent from common ancestors and visibly similar in most characteristics.

3. Terms and Definitions Associated With Light Horse Breeds and Selection F. Breed association. An organization formed to keep records of animals belonging to a particular breed; to issue registration certificates (often called "papers") to such animals; and to promote that particular breed. G. Broodmare. A mare used primarily for breeding purposes. H. Castration. The removal of the testicles of a male horse. I. Colic. Pain originating from a digestive disturbance. It can be caused by parasites, infectious diseases, excessive consumption of feed or water, gas, impaction, etc. A horse thrashing in severe pain from colic can twist a section of the intestines and/or severely traumatize the head, neck and legs. In some cases it is fatal.

4. Terms and Definitions Associated With Light Horse Breeds and Selection J. Colt. A male horse under three years of age; an uncastrated colt. K. Concentrates. Feed (such as grain) that contains a high concentration of nutrients and very little bulk. L. Conformation. The composition and design of a horse's body; twogheatth ietsr. made of (m.uscle, bone, skin, blood, fat) and how its put M. Coupling. The part of the horse's body that joins the forequarters to the hindquarters. N. Crossbred. The offspring of a sire and dam of different breeds. O. Dam. The mother of an offspring.

5. Terms and Definitions Associated With Light Horse Breeds and Selection P. Equine. Includes all members of the family Equidae –horses, zebras, donkeys, etc. Q. Equine practitioner. A veterinarian that specializes in treating horses. R. Farrier –Horse shoer. S. Far side -The right side of the horse. T. Filly -A female horse four years or younger that has never produced a foal. U. Foal -A young nursing horse of either sex. V. Foaling -The process of a mare giving birth.

6. Terms and Definitions Associated With Light Horse Breeds and Selection W. Founder -An inflammation of the sensitive tissues within a horse's foot. It can be caused by improper feeding, infection, working on too hard of a surface, etc. Severe founder can render a horse permanently disabled necessitating euthanasia. Also called laminitis. X. Gait -The rhythmic characteristic movement of a horse's feet and legs. Y. Geld -To castrate a male horse. Z. Gelding -A castrated male horse.

7. Terms and Definitions Associated With Light Horse Breeds and Selection AA. Get (of sire) -The offspring of a stallion. BB. Grade -A horse that cannot be registered with any breed association. CC. Hand -A unit of measure for determining the height of a horse from the top of the withers to the bottom of the front hoof (while the horse is standing straight on level ground.) One hand equals four inches and additional inches are shown to the right of a decimal point. Example: 15.2 means 15 hands 2 inches. DD. Mare. A female horse over four or more years of age or one that has produced a foal; a sexually mature female horse.

8. Terms and Definitions Associated With Light Horse Breeds and Selection EE. Near side -The left side of the horse. FF. Off side -The right side of the horse. GG.Purebred -A horse that comes from a long line of horses of the same breed. HH. Registration -The recording of an animal in the Stud Book of a particular breed association. II. Registry -An association that records the ancestry of animals of a certain breed or origin. JJ. Roughage -The part of the diet that provides more bulk than nourishment. Example: hay.

9. Terms and Definitions Associated With Light Horse Breeds and Selection KK. Sire -The father of an offspring. LL. Stag -A stallion castrated late in life, retaining stallion characteristics. MM. Stallion. A male horse four years of age or older, sexually intact. NN. Stand at stud -A stallion that is available for breeding. 00. Stud -1. A stallion kept for breeding purposes. 2. A farm that stands a stallion. PP. Stud colt -An uncastrated colt.

10. Terms and Definitions Associated With Light Horse Breeds and Selection QQ. Type -That conformation that makes a horse useful for a specific purpose. RR. Weanling -An animal that is less than one year old that has been weaned from the mare. SS. Yearling -An animal that has passed its first birthday but has not reached its second.

11. American Quarter Horse Origin – USA Color - Sorrel, chestnut, brown, black, bay, gray, blue roan, red roan, grullo, dun, red dun, buckskin, palomino Characteristics - Well-muscled; athletic; well mannered; quiet disposition. Primary Use - Showing; pleasure; stock work; short distance racing; games

12. American Quarter Horse

13. American Saddlebred Horse Origin - Kentucky Color - Bay, brown, chestnut, gray, roan, black, or golden. Characteristics - Give an easy ride; long, gracefully arched neck; naturally high head carriage; long legs with sloping pasterns; high stepping action Primary Use - Three- and five-gaited show and pleasure horses; fine harness.

14. American Saddlebred Horse

15. Appaloosa Origin - Oregon, Washington, Idaho Color - All base colors with or without a blanket and/or spots. Characteristics - The eyes have white scleras; some will have vertical light and dark stripes on the hooves; mottled or particolored skin. Primary Use - Showing; pleasure; stock work;

16. Arabian Origin - Arabia Color - Chestnut. bay, black, gray, roan. Characteristics - Dished face; short coupling; naturally high tail carriage; great endurance. Primary Purpose - Showing; pleasure;

17. Appaloosa

18. Morgan Origin – New England, USA Color - Bay, brown, black, chestnut Characteristics - A substantial build; natural gracefully arched neck; docile; endurance. Primary Use - Showing; pleasure; stock work; driving

19. Morgan

20. National Spotted Saddle Horse Origin - Tennessee Color - A spotted color (white with a dark color) above the hock and other than facial markings. Characteristics - Must exhibit a gait other than the trot. A stepping pace, rack, or any type of saddle gait other than a trot will be acceptable; shown in western tack. Primary Use - Showing; pleasure.

21. National Spotted Saddle Horse

22. Paint Origin – USA Color - White and any other color. There are two patterns –tobiano and overo. Characteristics - Only those horses with bloodlines that trace from a registered Paint Horse, Quarter Horse, or Thoroughbred are referred to as "Paints” Primary Use - Showing; pleasure; stock work; racing.

23. Paint

24. Pinto Origin - U.S.A. Color - White and any other color. There are two patterns –tobiano and overo. Characteristics - Can have blood lines that trace from the following: Arabian, Morgan, Hackney, American Saddlebred, Tennessee Walking Horse, U.S. Trotter, some Half-Arabians, American Shetland Pony, Welsh Pony, Connemara, Quarter Horse, and Thoroughbred. Primary Use - Depending on the type: gaited show horses; pleasure; stock work.

25. Pinto

26. Tennessee Walking Horse Origin – Tennessee Color - Sorrel, chestnut, black, roan, white, bay, brown, gray, or golden Characteristics - The running walk gait. Primary Use - Showing; pleasure.

27. Tennessee Walking Horse

28. Thoroughbred Origin – England Color - Black, dark bay or brown, bay, chestnut, gray, or roan. Characteristics - Long, straight, well muscled legs with a sloping shoulder; long strided; long neck. Primary Use – Showing (hunter/jumper); pleasure; flat racing and steeplechase racing.

29. Thoroughbred

30. Three Major Divisions of Horses A. Light horses -Range in height from 14.2 to 17.2 hands, and in weight from 850 to 1300 pounds. They are used for pleasure riding, showing, racing, driving (pulling carts, wagons, etc.), and stock work. B. Ponies. Range in height from 9.0 to 14.2 hands, and in weight from 300 to 850 pounds. They are used for pleasure riding (primarily by children), showing, and driving (pulling carts, wagons, etc.). C. Draft horses. Range in height from 15.2 to 17.2 hands, and in weight from 1500 to 2400 pounds. They are used for heavy pulling (sleds, wagons, etc.)

31. Types of Horses and Their Uses A. Dressage. Trained to perform certain difficult maneuvers, steps and gaits with minimal cues from the rider. B. Endurance. Trained to compete against other horses by running long distances. C. Games. Trained to compete in timed speed events such as pole bending or barrel racing. D. Gaited. Trained to perform at the walk, trot, canter, slowgait, and rack for pleasure and showing. E. Harness. Trained to pull vehicles used for pleasure or showing.

32. F. Hunter. A well mannered collected horse that is trained to jump fences that are on the average approximately three to four feet high. G. Jumper. Trained to jump very high fences (in an obstacle course of jumps), often times in the shortest amount of time possible. H. Pleasure. Trained to be ridden with minimal effort from the rider. This type of horse must be quiet, obedient, well mannered, and have a way of going that is efficient and comfortable for both the horse and rider. I. Racing. Trained to compete against other horses by running, pacing, or trotting. Types of Horses and Their Uses

33. J. Saddle. Trained to perform various gaits (depending on the breed; for example, the Tennessee Walking Horse performs the running walk gait), usually with a flashy high stepping action and a proud head carriage. This type of horse is used primarily for showing. K. Stock -A very muscular and athletic horse that is trained to move at great speed for short distances with sharp turns in order to perform general ranch work, or show in reining, cutting, or roping competitions. Types of Horses and Their Uses

34. Gates of Horses A. Walk -A slow, natural, flat footed, four beat gait. Each foot takes off from and strikes the ground independently of the other three feet. B. Trot or Jog -A rapid diagonal two beat gait. The forefoot on one side and the opposite hind foot take off and strike the ground at the same time. C. Canter or Lope -An easy rhythmical three beat gait. It is performed with either a right or left "lead". The independent moving front leg is the "lead". The canter starts with one hind foot striking the ground, then the other hind foot and diagonal front foot strike the ground together followed by the remaining front foot striking the ground. D. Gallop or Run -A very fast rhythmical four beat gait. The sequence of hoof beats is very similar to the canter except that with the diagonal pairs of legs, the rear diagonal foot strikes the ground slightly ahead of the front diagonal foot. It is performed with either a right or left "lead".

35. Gates of Horses E. Running Walk -The natural gait of the Tennessee Walking Horse. It is a diagonal four beat gait. Each foot takes off and strikes the ground at separate intervals with the front foot striking the ground before the diagonal hind foot. The hind quarters propel the horse in motion. The hind feet over-reach the front feet from several to over 36 inches producing a smooth gliding motion. F. Stepping Pace or Slow Gait -A slow, lateral, four beat gait. Each foot strikes the ground at separate intervals. The lateral hind and front feet start almost together I but the hind foot strikes the ground ahead of the front foot on the same side. The sequence of the beats is right hind, right front, left hind, and left front. This is the fourth gait of the five-gaited show horses. G. Rack -A fast, flashy, evenly timed, four beat gait. The feet start and stop at the same intervals of time of each other. The sequence of beats is similar to the sequence of the stepping pace, or slow gait. It is characterized by considerable knee action and extreme speed. The front legs appear to trot and the hind legs appear to be pacing. It is a very easy gait to ride, being very smooth. This is the fifth gait of the five-gaited show horses. H. Pace -A fast two beat lateral gait. The front and hind feet on the same side start and stop at the same time. It is a speed gait that produces a rolling, side to side motion.

36. Horse Coat Colors and Patterns A. Bay. Body color ranges from tan, through reddish brown, to bright auburn. The mane and tail and lower portions of the legs will always be black unless white markings are present. The tips and outer edges of the ears are also often edged in black. B. Bay roan. The coat color is a product of the bay (red) hairs mixed with white. The color of the mane, tail, and lower legs originates from the bay pattern and will appear black. C. Black. Body color is black with no light areas. The muzzle, flanks and legs must be black (with the exception of white markings) as well as the mane and tail. D. Blanket. A term used to describe (in Appaloosas) a horse which has a solid white area normally over, but not limited to, the hip area with contrasting base color. (for example: white over hips.)

37. E. Blue roan. A more or less uniform mixture of white and black hairs on the body, but usually darker on the head and lower legs; can have a few red hairs in the mixture. F. Brown. The body color is brown or black with lighter colored areas at the muzzle. Eyes, flank and inside upper legs; the legs, mane, tail, and points (edges of the ears, etc.) are black. G. Buckskin. Body color yellowish or gold; the mane and tail are black; the lower legs are usually black. Buckskins do not have dorsal stripes. H. Chestnut. Body color dark red or brownish-red; the mane and tail are usually dark red or brownish-red, but may be flaxen. I. Dappled. Light or dark spots over the basic body color. Horse Coat Colors and Patterns

38. J. Dun. Body color yellowish or gold; the mane and tail may be black, brown or mixed; usually has a dorsal stripe, zebra stripes on the legs, and a transverse stripe over the withers. K. Gray. The coat color is a mixture of white and dark hairs growing out of dark skin. Foals are rarely born as a distinctly recognizable gray. They are usually born chestnut or bay, and within weeks will begin showing signs of gray around the eyes, flank, and below the elbow. Occasionally, gray splotches will develop on the body, croup, or thigh before they are visible around the eyes. During the graying process, a horse may show varying shades of gray. Some may appear steel gray, a mixture of black and white hairs. Others may be rose gray, a mixture of chestnut and white hairs, or a bay gray, a mixture of bay and white hairs. Dappling is common. As gray horses age, their coat colors lighten, sometimes appearing white. Oftentimes, older gray horses grow tufts of reddish brown hair. This coloring is called "flea-bitten". All of these combinations are considered to be "gray". Horse Coat Colors and Patterns

39. L. Grulla or Grullo.The body color on this horse is often described as smoky, dove, or mouse-colored and does not result from a mixture of dark and white hairs. Rather, each hair will be mousecolored and the mane, tail, and lower legs are usually black. They may also have a dorsal stripe, a transverse shoulder stripe, and zebra stripes on the legs. M. Leopard. The body color is white with dark spots over a portion or all of the body. N. Overo. One of the two major coat patterns exhibited by the Paint or Pinto horse. It appears to be a colored horse with white markings. The white usually will not cross the back of the horse between its withers and tail. Generally, at least one, and often all four legs will be the dark color. Head markings are often bald-faced, apron-faced, or bonnet-faced. Generally, the white is irregular, rather scattered or splashy, and it is often referred to as calico. The tail is usually one color. An overo horse may be either predominantly dark or white. Horse Coat Colors and Patterns

40. O. Paint. The spectrum of colors range from almost total color with minimal white markings to almost total white with minimal dark markings. These darker colors range from very light to almost black and encompass all of the hues known in the horse world. P. Palomino. The coat color is generally a golden yellow and the mane and tail are always lighter than the body color, although seldom pure white. Dapples sometimes appear across the rear of the horse. The palomino has been described as being the color of 22 karat gold. Q. Pinto. A horse with this coloring must have noticeable white markings on the body, not including the head and legs. A dark cheek or cap, spotted face on a white horse, are common markings. An all white horse with a colored area on the head and on the body is acceptable, as well as a solid colored horse with a white spot on the body. Horse Coat Colors and Patterns

41. R. Red dun -A form of dun with body color yellowish or flesh colored with the mane, tail and dorsal stripe being red in color. The mane and tail may also be a flaxen color. S. Red or strawberry roan -A more or less uniform mixture of white with red hairs on the body, but usually darker on the head and lower legs. They can have a red, black or flaxen mane and/or tail. T. Roan -A coloring with about a fifty-fifty mixture of white and dark hairs throughout the body. It may be difficult to tell the difference between a rose gray and a roan at first. Roans show their permanent coat color after shedding their foal coats. Unlike grays, they do not dapple nor do they progressively lighten in color. Most roans will have a dark head, while gray foals will first turn light on the head. U. Sorrel -A body color that is reddish or copper-red. The mane and tail are usually the same color as the body, but may be flaxen. Horse Coat Colors and Patterns

42. V. Spots -A term used to describe (in Appaloosas) a horse which has white or dark spots over all or a portion of its body. (For example: spots over loin and hips.) W. Tobiano -One of the two major coat patterns exhibited by the Paint or Pinto horse. It appears to be a white horse with large spots of color, often overlapping on animals with a greater percentage of color than white. Head markings will be like those of a solid colored horse -solid or with a blaze, strip, star or snip. Generally, all four legs will be white, at least below the hocks and knees. Generally, the spots are regular and distinct as ovals or round patterns that extend down over the neck and chest, giving the appearance of a shield. The horse usually will have the dark color on one or both flanks. A tobiano may be either predominantly dark or white. X. " White -The body color is snow white with a pink or light colored hide. Horse Coat Colors and Patterns

43. Face Markings

45.  White marking between eyes.  Comes in many shapes.

47.  Thin line down front of nose

49.  Small white fleck between nostrils.

51.  Thick white line down front of nose. Horse also has a star.

53. Very wide blaze that extends to and may cover the eyes, nostrils, and upper lip. Horses with bald faces often have white that extends to the lower lip as well.

56.  Small white marking up to and including the pastern.

58.  Small white marking on the heel, at the back of the hoof..

60.  White marking finishing around the knee or hock.

62.  White marking that ends around half-way up the cannon bone.

64.  Small white ring around the coronet band, above the hoof.

66. Stocking that continues up the leg  Stocking that continues up the leg, but only partially.

68. Eight Considerations That Apply to All Breeds When Selecting A Horse A. Balance – The design of the conformation; overall appearance of the horse; the degree that all body parts are in proportion. B. Muscling. – Quantity and quality. Example: Horses that are too narrow and too shallow in muscling don't have a lot of stamina. C. Breed character. – The horse must have the characteristics that are desired by the industry for that particular breed. D. Sex character. – Mares should look feminine, stallions should look masculine, and geldings should not look like either.

69. Eight Considerations That Apply to All Breeds When Selecting A Horse E. Structural correctness. – Refers mainly to the proportions and dimensions of the skeletal system. F. Movement – – How straight a horse moves and the length and suppleness of the strides; action. G. Quality or general appearance. – Refers to refinement, condition of the hair coat, flat, clean bone, and presence/charisma. H. Size. – What is the desired size for that particular breed of horse.

70. Terms and Descriptions Pertaining to Faulty Action A. Cross firing -The inside of the back hoof hits the inside of the diagonal front hoof. B. Forging -The toe of the back hoof hits the bottom of the lateral front hoof. C. Interfering -At the walk or trot, the left fore hoof strikes the right fore limb somewhere between the coronary band and the knee. The right fore may interfere with the left fore. Generally, interference marks are observed on the inside of the fetlock joints. The same condition may also occur in the hind legs. D. Over-reaching -Action wherein the toe of a hind foot strikes the heel of a front foot. Wounds or scars on the fore heel are usually caused by over-reaching. E. Paddling -The fore foot swings outward in its flight forward.

71. F. Pointing -One leg extends out in front of the other while the horse stands. The horse does this to keep weight off of a sore foot and/or leg. It is seen most often in race horses. G. Rope walking or winding -The leg in motion swings around and lands in front of the stationary leg. H. Scalping or speed cutting -The front hoof hits the lateral hind hoof or leg. Hair on the hind leg is often removed in this manner. It is seen most often in race horses. I. Traveling wide or spraddling out -At the walk or trot, the distance between the hocks is far greater than the imaginary lines of the hind legs. J. Winging -The fore foot swings inward (toward the opposite leg) in its flight forward. Terms and Descriptions Pertaining to Faulty Action

72. Conformation and Structural Defects Generally Considered to be Hereditary in Nature A. Head – 1. Parrot mouth (upper jaw over bites lower jaw). – 2. Monkey mouth (lower jaw under bites upper jaw). – 3. Lop ears. – 4. Small deep-set eyes (pig eyes). – 5. Off color eyes (walled eyed)

73. Conformation and Structural Defects Generally Considered to be Hereditary in Nature B. Body – 1. Straight shoulder. – 2. Lower withers (mutton withers). – 3. Low back. – 4. High croup. – 5. Short croup. – 6. Croup too sloping. – 7. Short thick neck. – 8. Ewe neck. – 9. Hernias. – 10. Wry tail (tail carried to the side). – 11. Cryptorchid or monorchid (testicles not descended).

74. Conformation and Structural Defects Generally Considered to be Hereditary in Nature C. Fore Limbs – 1. Toes out (splay footed). – 2. Toes in (pigeon toed). – 3. Knock-kneed. – 4. Bow legs. – 5. Base narrow. – 6. Base wide. – 7. Bench knees. – 8. Pastern too short and straight. – 9. Weak pasterns. – 10. Over in the knee (buck knee). – 11. Back in the knee (calf knee). – 12. Standing under. – 13. Standing over. – 14. Cut out under knees. – 15. Tied in at the knees.

75. Conformation and Structural Defects Generally Considered to be Hereditary in Nature D. Hind Limbs – 1. Sickle-hock. – 2. Off the hocks (hocks too far back). – 3. Hocks too straight. – 4. Base wide (standing wide). – 5. Bow legs and toes in. – 6. Base narrow (standing close). – 7. Cow hocked. – 8. Weak pasterns. – 9. Pastern too short and straight. – 10. Small feet. – 11. Mule feet. – 12. Contracted feet.

76. Terms and Definitions Associated With Blemishes and Unsoundness A. Blindness or Defective Vision. The complete or partial loss of sight in one or both eyes resulting from disease or injury. Some cases of blindness are difficult to detect because the eye(s) appears normal. B. Bowed Tendon. The flexor tendon on the cannon is enlarged immediately below the knee and/or above the fetlock. The general factors causing bowed tendons are severe strains to the tendon and the tendon's sheath and/or actual tearing of the tendon fibers. C. Capped Elbow. As viewed from the side, the point of the elbow is enlarged, usually caused by the horse lying on the hooves or shoes on the front limbs. D. Capped Hock -As viewed from the side and rear, a firm enlargement on the point of the hock. The enlargement is an inflammation of the bursa. Trauma such as kicking a trailer gate or kicking a stall wall are usual causes.

77. Terms and Definitions Associated With Blemishes and Unsoundness E. Curb -As viewed from the side, a hard enlargement on the rear (posterior) surface of the cannon immediately below the point of the hock. Structural defects (cow-hocks and sickle-hocks) stress the area causing injury to the ligament. F. Enlarged Knee or Popped Knee. An enlargement of the knee joint that may have been caused by chip fractures, increased joint fluid and arthritic modification. G. Fistula of the Withers -An inflammation on the withers usually attributed to a bruise or irritation to that area.

78. H. laminitis or Founder -Initially, the condition involves inflammation of the sensitive laminae in one or more hooves. The inflammation is accompanied by circulatory congestion caused by venous stagnation within the hoof. Severe pain results from the circulatory congestion. The metabolic and physiological causes for laminitis are not truly known in all cases; however, the mechanical causes are quite variable -but labeled as: – 1. Grain founder (ingestion of excessive quantities of grain). – 2. Water founder (ingestion of large quantities of cold water by an over-heated horse). – 3. Grass founder (obese horses ingesting large amounts of legume hay and/or lush pasture). – 4. Road founder (concussion to hooves from work on hard surfaces). – 5. Post parturient founder (retained placenta or uterine infection resulting from foaling). – A horse suffering from laminitis may have long heels, curved up toes and concentric rings on the hoof surface. Terms and Definitions Associated With Blemishes and Unsoundness

79. I. Navicular Disease. A calcification of the suspensory ligament of the navicular bone which restricts the freedom of movement of the pastern bone and joints. It is usually caused by concussion and structural defect. (example: short, straight pasterns.) J. Pulmonary Emphysema (Heaves).A chronic respiratory disease which affects circulation, stamina and general condition. It is characterized by heavy labored breathing. K. Quarter Crack, Toe Crack, Heel Crack. The cracks can occur on any hoof and are identified according to location on the hoof. These cracks are breaks in the continuity of the horny wall starting at the bearing surface of the wall and migrating up the hoof or starting at the coronet and migrating down the hoof. The crack may be superficial or penetrate into the sensitive laminae. The cause for a crack to start on the bearing surface is usually due to improper hoof care. The crack originating at the coronary band is usually caused by an injury. Terms and Definitions Associated With Blemishes and Unsoundness

80. L. Ringbone. A bony ridge around the pastern bone usually parallel to the coronary band caused by trauma and usually resulting in lameness. M. Sidebones. Sidebones usually occur on the front hooves as a result of concussion, injury or structural defect (toe-in or toe-out). The lateral cartilages of the coffin bone become calcified and restrict the action of the hoof. P. Stifled -A dislocation of the stifle joint resulting in a restriction of the joint and a dragging of the limb. Terms and Definitions Associated With Blemishes and Unsoundness

81. N. Spavins. – 1. Bog Spavin. Viewing the hock joint from the front, there will be a distention of the joint capsule (an enlargement) on the inside front portion of the joint. Three possible causes have been attributed to bog spavins: structural defects (toe straight hind limb), trauma and rickets. It is important to remember that no bone calcifications occurs -only distention of joint fluid. – 2. Bone Spavin (Jack or High Spavin).Viewing the hock joint from the front or rear -there will be a boney enlargement on the outside lower portion of the joint. Structural defects (cow-hocks and sickle-hocks) predispose the joint to bone spavin. The bony growth originates from strain or over-exertion if the joint – 3. Occult Spavin or Blind Spavin. Observation of the hock Joint generally reveals nothing. Being difficult to diagnose, it is assumed that blind spavins are caused by trauma. Calcification forms on the adjacent bone surface in the hock, which prevents the normal movement on the joint. Terms and Definitions Associated With Blemishes and Unsoundness

82. O. Splints -One or more enlargements on the inside (occasionally on the outside) of the cannon-splint bone area usually on the fore legs. The enlargement(s) is caused by calcification between the splint and cannon bones (splint area) due to trauma. Q. Sweeny -An atrophy of the shoulder muscles due to a paralysis of the suprascapular nerve that is caused by strains or trauma. R. Thoroughpins -As the hocks are viewed from the side and rear, an enlargement is observed in the hollow area of the outside of the hock. Upon palpation, it is noted that this enlargement is fluid filled and can be pushed from the outside of the joint to the inside and back again. Strain on the flexor tendon caused an escape of synovial (joint) fluid into the hollow area. S. Umbilical Hernia -A protrusion of the intestines through the abdominal wall in the area of the navel. Hernias of this type are commonly seen in young foals. T. Windpuffs or Windgalls -A firm, fluid swelling occurring around a joint capsule, tendon sheath or bursa. Windpuffs are commonly found on the knees, cannons (tendon sheath) and fetlocks as a result of trauma(s). Terms and Definitions Associated With Blemishes and Unsoundness