1. April 21, 20151 DRAFT Analysis of Wastewater Management Sector in Palestine Nidal Mahmoud+ and Adel Yasin++ +Institute of Environmental and Water Studies, Birzeit University ++ Director of Sanitary Department/ Palestinian Water Authority PWA

2. April 21, 20152 Presentation Outline Background about past situation present situation Challenge1:Water Supply Challenge 2: Fund Challenge3: Israeli Conditions Challenge4: WWTP Criteria Challenge5: Upgrade old WW Network Challenge 6: Effluent Disposal Challenge 7: Policy & Laws Challenge 8: Capacity Building Looking for the Future

3. April 21, 20153 The Past situation for wastewater system  During the occupation period, wastewater Sector used to be a very neglected issue There are collection networks in the main cities and refugee camp (served 28-32% of population) remaining population uses cesspits Many of these networks are old and poorly designed established before 1967 through Jordanian Administration and stayed without development

4. April 21, 20154 The Past situation for wastewater system-continued 40-50 MCM/Y of ww is generated, around 15 MCM/Y is collected by network then discharged into open areas (wadis) Around 400 locations for vacuum tankers for discharging ww There are very few un-functional wastewater treatment plant (94% of ww is discharged to wadies)

5. April 21, 20155 The Past situation for wastewater system-continued The un-treated Wastewater flows into the wadis Some farmers use the mixture of both untreated wastewater and spring water in irrigation specially in Nablus and AlFar’a area

6. April 21, 20156 No.Main cities% of ww services Treatment services 1Jenin55Not function 2Tulkarem75Primarily stage 3Qalqilya70No 4Nablus80No 5Salfit80On going 6Ramallah75Low efficiency 7El Bireh88High efficiency 8Jerusalem95Under Israeli control 9Bethelem85No 10Hebron80On going 11JerichoZeroNo Wastewater status in WB

7. April 21, 20157 Percentage of Households that Use Cesspits Percentage of Households that Use Cesspits by Type of Locality and Region, 1997 (http://www.pcbs.org)

8. April 21, 20158 Status of WW management in Palestine !?

9. April 21, 20159 Israeli Colonies effects on the Environment Israel is controlling the Palestinians for 40 years but they did nothing to protect the environment Israel moved most of internationally forbidden industries to the West Bank and disposes all toxic effluents into Palestinian land without tratment 95% of the industry in the sraeli settlements is considered toxic & dangerous industries

10. April 21, 201510 Israeli Colonies effects on the Environment  Total effluent seawage discharged to the Wadis by Israeli Settlements is around 50 MCM Palestinian Agricultural lands around the settlements were destroyed by untrated effluent

11. April 21, 201511 Israeli Colonies effects on the Environment the last 10 years, The Palestinians allocated 250Millin USD for WWT projects but the Israelis stopped us by one way or another HOW!!!: Security Areas Connection of Illegal settlements High Standards & Specifications

12. April 21, 201512 Existing and near future WWTP Projects

13. April 21, 201513 WW Projects StatusTreatment nameNo.1 Overload and not functionExisting Jenin TP1 Needs fundProposed Jenin regional TP2 Needs fundProposed Tubas TP3 Tendering processProposed Nablus west TP4 Needs fundProposed Nablus east TP5 Pre-treatmentExisting Tulkarem ponds6 Design phaseProposed Tulkarem TP7 Waiting for notice to proceedProposed Salfeet TP8 Function at 2003Existing of El-Bireh TP9 OverloadExisting of Ramallah TP10 Preparing the feasibility studyProposed of Ramallah TP11 Needs fundProposed Jericho TP12 Preparing feasibility studyProposed Wadi Al-Nar TP13 Tendering processProposed Hebron regional TP14 Needs fundProposed Ad Dahrriya TP15

14. April 21, 201514 Regional Sewerage Project Jenin Project: Regional Sewerage Jenin Total Investment:40 Million USD Donor: Germany KFW Start Implementation: not yet Period of Implemntation: Status: TOR prepared needs approval from JWC Obstacles: Feasibility study could not be tendered before approval

15. April 21, 201515 Regional WW Disposal Tulkarm Project: Regional Sewerage Tulkarm Total Investment:45 Million USD Donor: Germany-KFW Start Implemntation:2008 Period of Implemntation: 3 years Status: Feasibility Study ready Obstacles:

16. April 21, 201516 Sewerage Nablus West Project: Sewerage Nablus-west (investment/Infrastructure restortion Measures Total Investment: Donor:Germany -KFW Start Implemntation:1998 Period of Implemntation: 37.8 Million USD Status: Final Design ready Obstacles:

17. April 21, 201517 Ramallah Sewerage Treatment Project Project: Ramallah Sewerage Treatment Total Investment: Donor: Germany KFW Start Implemntation:Not yet Period of Implemntation: Status: Feasibility study Ready Obstacles: TP Location

18. April 21, 201518 Al-Bireh Wastewater Treatment Plant Project: Sewerage Al-Bireh Objectives Total Investment: 12 Million USD Donor: Germany - KFW Start Implemntation:1998 Period of Implemntation: 2.5 Years Status: Functional TP Obstacles:

19. April 21, 201519 Salfeet Sewerage Project: Sewerage Salfeet (investment/Infrastructure restortion Measures Total Investment:11 Million USD Donor: Germany KFW Start Implemntation: 1995 Period of Implemntation: Status: postponded Obstacles:JWU approval

20. April 21, 201520 Hebron WWTP Project: Total Investment: 45 Million USD Donor: USAID Start Implemntation: Not Yet Period of Implemntation: Status: Postponded Obstacles: Regulation of USAID

21. April 21, 201521 Jericho WW collection System Project: Total Investment: () Million USD Donor: JICA Start Implemntation: Not Yet Period of Implemntation: 3 years Status: Feasibility Study is Ready Obstacles: Location of WWTP, JWC Approvement

22. April 21, 201522 Abu-Dis WW collection System Project: Abu-Dis, Al-Izarita & Az-Zaim WW Total Investment: (25) Million USD Donor: Submitted to AFD Start Implemntation: Not Yet Period of Implemntation: Status: Obstacles: Not Funded yet

23. April 21, 201523 Despite all what have been done, still huge efforts are needed to properly manage the wastewater in Palestine

24. April 21, 201524 Challenges1: Water Supply Priorities Providing drinking water systems takes the priority where still more than 220 thousands in around 220 communities without networks Chaleenge2: Raising huge amount of fund to improve WW sector services more than billion US Dollar are needed

25. April 21, 201525 Challenge2: Limitation of fund and donor regulations and requirements Challenge3: unsustainability & stability of External Donation Donor funds only to have sustainable & sanitation infrastructures, PWA policy and strategies should carefully considers the affordability of beneficiaries to pay for this service

26. April 21, 201526 Challenges Israeli conditions through JWC that affect, postponds, stop projects for unreasonable aspects Connection of illegal Israeli Settlement effluent to Palestinian Sewerage Systems Specifications and standars of effluents and treated ww imposed by Israelis Security aspects

27. April 21, 201527 Challenges Challenges4: selection of Appropriate treatment systems and technologies that leads to WW management driving forces and treatment technologies that achieve specific criterias by utilizing all type of technologies that help to minimize the running cost, example: produce gas CH4, incineration of sludge and available solid waste

28. April 21, 201528 Driving Forces for WW Management Public health risks: waterborne diseases Environmental protection: water resources and soil National and regional policies: standards and guidelines Adequate sanitation services: life quality standards Economical benefits: reuse and recreation Political issues: regional stability

29. April 21, 201529 Criteria for WWT selection Satisfactory treatment efficiency towards: COD/BOD, suspended solids, N, P, etc. Robust technology: high stability towards power cut, peak loads, toxicants, etc. Flexible with respect to future amendments (extensions, improvement) Simple in operation maintenance and control Limited number of treatment steps Absence of disposal problems (e.g. sludge) No malodour nuisance Availability of local experience Designed for (by) product recovery

30. April 21, 201530 Challenges Challenge 5: Upgrading of the West Bank old urban sewage works Odor nuisance: -Overloaded pond systems -Misconception in design Land availability: - No space for extension

31. April 21, 201531 Challenge 6: Final effluent disposal  Reuse in agriculture: where, this was one of the main target of Master Plan started in 1996 Treated ww recycling and reuse is considered a very important option for generating additional water resources to replace fresh water used for agricultural and industrial purposes  Artificail Recharge through Disposal final effluent in Wadis: environmental impact; compliance with political agreements

32. April 21, 201532 Challenge 7: Enforcement of policy and laws PWA policy: Based on “Polluter Pays Principle” and envisages a full cost recovery based on affordability basis, water-tariff models should be developed to assure cost recovery Palestinian Water Law: - Set of regulations and rules entailing pollution fees for environmental pollution handlings

33. April 21, 201533 Challenge 8: Capacity building Building and maintaining a core staff for managing and regulating the wastewater projects: review of documents and formulation of future plans Prepare for all training and capacity building program that required to support sustainable operation of the WWTP, and to achieve value from reuse of the treated wastewater.

34. April 21, 201534 Look into the Future Sustainable planning of WWTP WW treatment facilities Realistic planning and management? Affordable CAPEX and OPEX? Political issues Sovereignty? Political power? Commitment?

35. April 21, 201535 Look into the Future Sustainable Operation Small WWTP Financial Resources Effective financial management Socio-cultural aspects Public awareness and cleaner production tools Institutional issues Establishment of wastewater associations? Private sector involvement in sanitation services Pollution control & reuse guidelines? Water quality & public health protection?