1. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann1 Earthenware, pottery, porcelain, ceramics - which ingredients are needed to allow molding and what happens during burning ?

2. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann2 Contents: Overall view Pottery Porcelain Ceramics Which ingredients allow molding ? Burning

3. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann3 Overall view Earthenware: - used for pottery - made from clay - slightly porous after first firing (not vitrified) - glaze before second firing -> waterproof

4. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann4 Overall view Porcelain: - made from mixture of kaolin and petuntse - differences to stoneware less clear - pottery, resonant against pushes - vitrified pottery

5. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann5 Overall view Ceramics: - differences to porcelain in roughness and stability - important material: clay - depending on use high quality claim - able to produce wanted color (porcelain too)

6. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann6 Pottery History: - before Christ: vessel - 15th century: decoration; first mould - 18th century: moulds of plaster - 19th century: mechanization (England) Important ages: - ancient world, renaissance (Donatello, Luca della Robbia)

7. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann7 Pottery Production: - red clay (Fe) or yellow clay (lime) - clay dug out, dried, ground - water added, mixed 1) moulds: equal layer -> plaster takes water -> pottery shrinks -> precision work 2) handwork: forming with hands, wet cloth, wooden spatula, slow drying before burning

8. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann8 Pottery Burning: - dry products (water evaporates ->cracks) - 1000°C, 5 – 10 days - slow cool down - to high temperature -> vitrification - to low temperature -> porous - pottery in cool water -> lime extinguished -> pores density increases

9. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann9 Pottery Properties: - easy to form - natural warm color - long durable - water-resistant - resistant against frost (high density -> less water taken up -> small expansion)

10. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann10 Pottery Use: - vessels, statues of animals - oil lamps - art, decoration, jewelry - building materials and commercial materials: tiles, plates for covering, washbasin, vases, pots

11. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann11 Porcelain called “white gold” noble products are hard porcelain and Bone China (made with ash of bones; England) famous factories: Meißen, Fürstenberg, Frankenthal

12. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann12 Porcelain History: - developed in year 620 in China - 1708 in Europe, by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus - continued by Johann Friedrich Böttger - 1710, Meißen: first manufacture in Europe (which became famous in the world)

13. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann13 Porcelain Hard porcelain: - Kaolin (50%), feldspar (25%), quartz (25%) - third burning temperature: 1410 °C Soft porcelain: - Kaolin (40%), feldspar (30%), quartz (30%) - third burning temperature: 1300 °C

14. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann14 Porcelain Production: - mixture of 3 materials - forming by hand (spinning slice) or by machines (pressure) - first firing (850 – 950 °C), cool down (slow) - second firing (1300 – 1410 °C) - glaze applied - painting + glaze - third firing (780 – 1410 °C, depending on glaze)

15. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann15 Porcelain Forming by hand: - compact mass - pliable Foundry: - liquid mixture - hollow products (solid edge -> liquid rest decanted)

16. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann16 Porcelain Properties: - thick fragments - shell-shaped break - high roughness - constant against acids and lye - bright sound - constant against high temperatures - isolation against electricity

17. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann17 Porcelain Use: - decoration - isolator - dishes - chemical device (crucible)

18. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann18 Ceramics History: - before Christ: rotating potter´s wheel in China - 16th century: fly wheel - 19th century: pedal -> two free hands - 20th century: electric motor (regular speed)

19. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann19 Ceramics Production: - clay, water - mixture cast/formed/pressed - burning (600 °C) -> moisture removed - 2nd burning -> smooth surface - decoration (stamp, carving, cut parts out) - glaze

20. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann20 Ceramics Properties: - high roughness - resistant against weather - bears high temperatures - electrical isolation - very low wear - dimensional stability - adapted to the use (raw materials, production) - different colors

21. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann21 Ceramics Use: - mechanical engineering, process engineering - electronics - high temperature technique - building materials: tiles, plates - sanitary, appliances in the household (dishes) - pots

22. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann22 High-performance ceramic since 1960 properties depend on use efficient example: dental ceramic - 1st burning: 1100 °C - 2nd burning: 1700 °C

23. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann23 ingredients bigger than product (water evaporate) chamotte -> little loss organic additives: deflocculant, binding agent 1st burning -> additives removed green body (formed, not burned)

24. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann24 Burning raw material compacted, less porous adapted temperature, pressure, time carbon built in the material -> stable coking (about 1000 °C) -> organic additives turn to carbon

25. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann25 Burning clay + silicic acid -> Silimanit (Al 2 O 3 *SiO 2 ), Mullit (3 Al 2 O 3 *2 SiO 2 ) = double chains of silicate

26. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann26 research/development improve specifications resistant against acid corrosion protection electrical isolation ceramic industry connected with chemistry

27. 08.11.2006Claudia Eisermann27 sources Hollemann, Wiberg; Lehrbuch der anorganischen Chemie, de Gruyter, 1985 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porzellan http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramik http://www.frankreich-sued.de/Limoges/Porzelan.htm http://www.toepferhof-online.de/Ofen/ofennabe.html http://www.uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Porzellan.html http://www.uni-saarland.de/fak8/powdertech/projekte/projekt_oetzel_client.html http://www.unileoben.ac.at/~buero41/daabs/winter.htm http://www.komage.de/zahnkeramik.php http://www.crystec.com/kllcerad.htm http://www.fbi-biomaterialien.de/ima/weblication/deutsch/mains/2_charakterisierung.htm http://www.fz-juelich.de/zb/text/publikation/juel3227.html