1. Welcome back to Mrs. M’s Anatomy & Physiology class!
Warm-Up (8/27)
Which body system includes the lymph nodes?
Which body system includes the skin?
Which body system releases hormones?
What is the smallest unit of all living things?

2. Warm-up: 8/27
Complete the following blanks: Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissue → _______→ Organ System → _________
What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?
Which body system includes the kidneys?

3. Warm-up: 8/28 Which two systems are the ovaries part of?
What are the organs of the respiratory system?

4. Warm-up: 9/2 The head is _____________ to the abdomen.
Describe the “anatomical position”
The thumbs are _________ to the pinkies.

5. Today’s To Do Warm-up Turn in Safety Contract (Due Tomorrow)
Turn in School Supply (Due Tuesday)
Introduction to Anatomy
Levels of organization and Systems
Begin Chapter 1 Workbook

6. Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation

7. The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. Anatomy—Levels of Study
Gross anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Mouth (oral cavity) Parotid gland Sublingual gland Tongue
Figure 14.1 The human digestive system: Alimentary canal and accessory organs.
Mouth (oral cavity)
Parotid gland
Sublingual gland
Tongue
Salivary glands
Submandibular
gland
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
(Spleen)
Liver
Gallbladder
Transverse colon
Duodenum
Descending colon
Small
intestine
Jejunum
Ascending colon
Ileum
Large intestine
Cecum
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Appendix
Anus
Anal canal

10. Anatomy—Levels of Study
Microscopic anatomy
Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye
Structures can be viewed only with a microscope
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11. Figure 14.4c Anatomy of the stomach.
Gastric pits
Surface
epithelium
Gastric
pit
Pyloric
sphincter
Mucous
neck cells
Parietal cells
Gastric gland
Gastric
glands
Chief cells
(c)

12. Figure 14.4d Anatomy of the stomach.
Pepsinogen
Pepsin
HCI
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Enteroendocrine
cell
(d)

13. The Human Body—An Orientation
Physiology
Study of how the body and its parts work or function
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14. Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology
Structure determines what functions can occur
If structure changes, the function must also change
*Complementarity (AJP, Dr. E. Stanley Abbott)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. Levels of Structural Organization
Six levels of structural organization
Atoms
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organisms
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 1
Smooth muscle cell
Atoms
Molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules. 1 2
Cellular level
Cells are made
up of molecules.
Smooth
muscle
tissue 3
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Blood
vessels
Heart
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cardio–
vascular
system
Connective
tissue 4
Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues. 5
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that work
together closely. 6
Organismal level
Human organisms are
made up of many organ
systems.

18. Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 2
Atoms
Molecules 1
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.

19. Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 3
Smooth muscle cell
Atoms
Molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules. 1 2
Cellular level
Cells are made
up of molecules.

20. Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 4
Smooth muscle cell
Atoms
Molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules. 1 2
Cellular level
Cells are made
up of molecules.
Smooth
muscle
tissue 3
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.

21. Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 5
Smooth muscle cell
Atoms
Molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules. 1 2
Cellular level
Cells are made
up of molecules.
Smooth
muscle
tissue 3
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Connective
tissue 4
Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues.

22. Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 6
Smooth muscle cell
Atoms
Molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules. 1 2
Cellular level
Cells are made
up of molecules.
Smooth
muscle
tissue 3
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Blood
vessels
Heart
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cardio–
vascular
system
Connective
tissue 4
Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues. 5
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that work
together closely.

23. Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 7
Smooth muscle cell
Atoms
Molecules
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules. 1 2
Cellular level
Cells are made
up of molecules.
Smooth
muscle
tissue 3
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Blood
vessels
Heart
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cardio–
vascular
system
Connective
tissue 4
Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues. 5
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that work
together closely. 6
Organismal level
Human organisms are
made up of many organ
systems.

24. The study of the function of the body and its parts is called
anatomy.
endocrinology.
physiology.
cytology.
Answer: C
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25. The study of the function of the body and its parts is called
anatomy.
endocrinology.
physiology.
cytology.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. Gross anatomy is the study of body structures
too small to be seen with the naked eye.
that are large and easily observable.
belonging to the intestinal tract.
that are really disgusting.
Answer: B
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27. Gross anatomy is the study of body structures
too small to be seen with the naked eye.
that are large and easily observable.
belonging to the intestinal tract.
that are really disgusting.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. Organ System Overview Integumentary system
Forms the external body covering (skin)
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Helps regulate body temperature
Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
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29. Figure 1.2a The body’s organ systems.
Skin
(a) Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering; protects
deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes
vitamin D; location of cutaneous receptors
(pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands.

30. Organ System Overview Skeletal system
Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints
Supports the body
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
Stores minerals
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31. Figure 1.2b The body’s organ systems.
Cartilages
Joint
Bones
(b) Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs; provides a
framework the muscles use to cause movement;
blood cells are formed within bones; stores
minerals.

32. Organ System Overview Muscular system
Skeletal muscles contract or shorten
Produces movement of bones
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33. Figure 1.2c The body’s organ systems.
Skeletal
muscles
(c) Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expression; maintains
posture; produces heat.

34. Organ System Overview Nervous system Fast-acting control system
Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
Responds to internal and external change
Sends messages via nerve impulses to central nervous system
Central nervous system activates effectors (muscles and glands)
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35. Figure 1.2d The body’s organ systems.
Brain
Sensory receptor
Spinal cord
Nerves
(d) Nervous System
Fast-acting control system of the body;
responds to internal and external changes by
activating appropriate muscles and glands.

36. Organ System Overview Endocrine system Endocrine glands include:
Pituitary gland
Thyroid and parathyroids
Adrenal glands
Thymus
Pancreas
Pineal gland
Ovaries (females) and testes (males)
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37. Organ System Overview Endocrine system Secretes regulatory hormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
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38. Figure 1.2e The body’s organ systems.
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland (parathyroid
glands on posterior aspect)
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Testis (male)
Ovary (female)
(e) Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction, and
nutrient use by body cells.

39. Organ System Overview Cardiovascular system
Includes heart and blood vessels
Heart pumps blood
Vessels transport blood to tissues
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
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40. Figure 1.2f The body’s organ systems.
Heart
Blood
vessels
(f) Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.;
the heart pumps blood.

41. Organ System Overview Lymphatic system
Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs
Returns leaked fluids back to blood vessels
Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity
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42. Figure 1.2g The body’s organ systems.
Thoracic duct
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
(g) Lymphatic System
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and
returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the
lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells
involved in immunity.

43. Organ System Overview Respiratory system
Includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Supplies blood with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
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44. Figure 1.2h The body’s organ systems.
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Left lung
(h) Respiratory System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen
and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous
exchanges occur through the walls of the air
sacs of the lungs.

45. Organ System Overview Digestive system
Includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory organs
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material as feces
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46. Figure 1.2i The body’s organ systems.
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
(i) Digestive System
Breaks food down into absorbable units that
enter the blood for distribution to body cells;
indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

47. Organ System Overview Urinary system
Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

48. Figure 1.2j The body’s organ systems.
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
(j) Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from
the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and
acid-base balance of the blood.

49. Organ System Overview Reproductive system
For males, includes the testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system
Testes produce sperm
Duct system carries sperm to exterior
For females, includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Ovaries produce eggs
Uterus provides site of development for fetus
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

50. Figure 1.2k-l The body’s organ systems.
Mammary glands
(in breasts)
Prostate gland
Seminal
vesicles
Uterine tube
Ovary
Uterus
Vas deferens
Penis
Testis
Vagina
Scrotum
(k) Male Reproductive System
(l) Female Reproductive System
Overall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. Testes produce
sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the
female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining
structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary
glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn.

51. The endocrine system is
the body’s fastest-acting control center.
responsible for producing hormones.
responsible for returning fluid to the circulatory system.
the external covering of the body.
Answer: B
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

52. The endocrine system is
the body’s fastest-acting control center.
responsible for producing hormones.
responsible for returning fluid to the circulatory system.
the external covering of the body.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

53. Production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) occurs in the ______ system.
endocrine
integumentary
skeletal
cardiovasular
Answer: C
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54. Production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) occurs in the ______ system.
endocrine
integumentary
skeletal
cardiovasular
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55. Maintaining Life: Necessary Life Functions
Maintain boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes (irritability) and react (responsiveness) **
Digestion
Breakdown and absorption of nutrients
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

56. Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body
Break down complex molecules into smaller ones
Build larger molecules from smaller ones
Produces energy
Regulated by hormones
Excretion
Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
Wastes may be removed in urine or feces
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

57. Necessary Life Functions
Reproduction
Occurs on cellular level or organismal level
Produces future generation
Growth
Increases cell size and number of cells
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58. Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
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59. Survival Needs Water Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure
60 to 80 percent of body weight
Most abundant chemical in the human body
Provides for metabolic reactions
Stable body temperature
37°C (98°F)
Atmospheric pressure
Must be appropriate for gas exchange
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

60. Food Blood Heart Interstitial fluid Feces Urine
Figure 1.3 Examples of selected interrelationships among body organ systems.
Digestive system
Takes in nutrients, breaks them down,
and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)
Respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and eliminates
carbon dioxide
Food O2
CO2
Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen
and nutrients to all body cells and
delivers wastes and carbon
dioxide to disposal organs
Blood
CO2 O2
Urinary system
Eliminates
nitrogen-
containing
wastes and
excess ions
Heart
Nutrients
Interstitial fluid
Nutrients and wastes pass
between blood and cells
via the interstitial fluid
Integumentary system
Protects the body as a whole
from the external environment
Feces
Urine

61. So what exactly is disease? What do all diseases have in common?

62. Homeostasis Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment
A dynamic state of equilibrium
Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance
A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

63. Figure 1.4 The elements of a homeostatic control system.
Slide 1
Input: Information
is sent along afferent
pathway to control
center. 3
Output: Information
is sent along efferent
pathway effector. 4
Control
Center
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
Receptor
Effector
Receptor
detects change. 2
Response
of effector feeds
back to reduce
the effect of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostatic
level. 5
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable. 1
IMBALANCE
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
IMBALANCE

64. Figure 1.4 The elements of a homeostatic control system.
Slide 2 1
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
IMBALANCE
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
IMBALANCE

65. Figure 1.4 The elements of a homeostatic control system.
Slide 3
Receptor
Receptor
detects change. 2
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable. 1
IMBALANCE
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
IMBALANCE

66. Figure 1.4 The elements of a homeostatic control system.
Slide 4
Input: Information
is sent along afferent
pathway to control
center. 3
Control
Center
Afferent
pathway
Receptor
Receptor
detects change. 2 1
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
IMBALANCE
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
IMBALANCE

67. Figure 1.4 The elements of a homeostatic control system.
Slide 5
Input: Information
is sent along afferent
pathway to control
center. 3
Output: Information
is sent along efferent
pathway effector. 4
Control
Center
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
Receptor
Effector
Receptor
detects change. 2 1
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
IMBALANCE
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
IMBALANCE

68. Figure 1.4 The elements of a homeostatic control system.
Slide 6
Input: Information
is sent along afferent
pathway to control
center. 3
Output: Information
is sent along efferent
pathway effector. 4
Control
Center
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
Receptor
Effector
Receptor
detects change. 2
Response
of effector feeds
back to reduce
the effect of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostatic
level. 5
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable. 1
IMBALANCE
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
IMBALANCE

69. Maintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center along an afferent pathway
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

70. Maintaining Homeostasis
Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus
Information flows from control center to effector along efferent pathway
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

71. Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat
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72. Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
Reaction occurs at a faster rate
In the body positive feedback occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

73. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

74. The maintenance of a stable internal environment is termed
hematopoiesis.
homeostasis.
negative feedback mechanisms.
positive feedback mechanisms.
Answer: B
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

75. The maintenance of a stable internal environment is termed
hematopoiesis.
homeostasis.
negative feedback mechanisms.
positive feedback mechanisms.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

76. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback mechanism?
A blood clot forms after a chef cuts her finger.
As calcium level rises in the blood, the excess calcium attaches itself to bone.
A runner completes a race, and her heartbeat slows to a normal level.
A soccer game begins, and the players’ respirations rise because of exercise exertion.
Answer: A
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

77. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback mechanism?
A blood clot forms after a chef cuts her finger.
As calcium level rises in the blood, the excess calcium attaches itself to bone.
A runner completes a race, and her heartbeat slows to a normal level.
A soccer game begins, and the players’ respirations rise because of exercise exertion.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

78. This system picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.
integumentary
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
Answer: D
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79. This system picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.
integumentary
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

80. The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
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81. The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical position
Standard body position used to avoid confusion
Terminology refers to this position regardless of actual body position
Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward
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82. Figure 1.5a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic
Frontal
Upper limb
Upper limb
Orbital
Acromial
Nasal
Buccal
Deltoid
Oral
Brachial (arm)
Mental
Antecubital
Cervical
Thoracic
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Sternal
Axillary
Carpal (wrist)
Abdominal
Umbilical
Manus (hand)
Digital
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Pubic (genital)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
KEY:
Thorax
Fibular
Abdomen
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Digital
(a) Anterior/Ventral

83. Directional Terms Directional terms
Explains location of one body structure in relation to another
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84. Directional Terms
Superior (cranial or cephalad): toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Inferior (caudal): away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
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85. Directional Terms
Ventral (anterior): toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Dorsal (posterior): toward or at the backside of the body; behind
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86. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (1 of 3).

87. Directional Terms
Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure
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88. Directional Terms
Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk
Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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89. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3).

90. Directional Terms
Superficial (external): toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal): away from the body surface; more internal
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91. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3).

92. In the anatomical position, the body is
lying face up.
lying face down.
erect with feet parallel and arms at the sides with palms forward.
erect with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing backward.
Answer: C
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93. In the anatomical position, the body is
lying face up.
lying face down.
erect with feet parallel and arms at the sides with palms forward.
erect with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing backward.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

94. The elbow is ____ to the wrist.
inferior
lateral
proximal
distal
Answer: C
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95. The elbow is ____ to the wrist.
inferior
lateral
proximal
distal
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96. This inguinal region is commonly called the
navel.
groin.
elbow.
armpit.
Answer: B
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97. This inguinal region is commonly called the
navel.
groin.
elbow.
armpit.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

98. Figure 1.5a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic
Frontal
Upper limb
Upper limb
Orbital
Acromial
Nasal
Buccal
Deltoid
Oral
Brachial (arm)
Mental
Antecubital
Cervical
Thoracic
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Sternal
Axillary
Carpal (wrist)
Abdominal
Umbilical
Manus (hand)
Digital
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Pubic (genital)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
KEY:
Thorax
Fibular
Abdomen
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Digital
(a) Anterior/Ventral

99. Figure 1.5b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic
Upper limb
Upper limb
Occipital
(back of head)
Acromial
Cervical
Brachial (arm)
Olecranal
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Vertebral
Lumbar
Sacral
Manus (hand)
Gluteal
Digital
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
KEY:
Fibular
Back (Dorsum)
Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal
Plantar
(b) Posterior/Dorsal

100. The antebrachial region can be found on the
skull.
arm.
leg.
ankle.
Answer: B
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101. The antebrachial region can be found on the
skull.
arm.
leg.
ankle.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

102. Body Planes and Sections
Sections are cuts along imaginary lines known as planes
Three types of planes or sections exist as right angles to one another
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103. Body Planes and Sections
A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts
A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts
A frontal, or coronal, section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts
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104. (a) Median (midsagittal) (b) Frontal (coronal) plane
Figure 1.6 The anatomical position and planes of the body—median, frontal, and transverse with corresponding MRI scans.
(a) Median (midsagittal)
(b) Frontal (coronal) plane
(c) Transverse plane
Vertebral column
Right lung
Heart
Left lung
Liver
Aorta
Pancreas
Spleen
Rectum
Intestines
Liver
Stomach
Spleen
Subcutaneous
fat layer
Spinal cord

105. The popliteal surface is the
skull.
back of the knee.
front of the knee.
back of the heel.
Answer: B
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106. The popliteal surface is the
skull.
back of the knee.
front of the knee.
back of the heel.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

107. The sagittal plane cuts the body or organ into
anterior and posterior portions.
right and left portions.
equal right and left portions.
superior and inferior portions.
Answer: B
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108. The sagittal plane cuts the body or organ into
anterior and posterior portions.
right and left portions.
equal right and left portions.
superior and inferior portions.
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109. The axillary region is ______________ to the sternal region.
distal
proximal
medial
lateral
Answer: D
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110. The axillary region is ______________ to the sternal region.
distal
proximal
medial
lateral
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111. Body Cavities Two body cavities
Dorsal
Ventral
Body cavities provide varying degrees of protection to organs within them
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112. Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Spinal
Figure 1.7 Body cavities.
Cranial
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Spinal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
KEY:
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity

113. Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity has two subdivisions Cranial cavity
Houses the brain
Protected by the skull
Spinal cavity
Houses the spinal cord
Protected by the vertebrae
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114. Body Cavities
Ventral body cavity has two subdivisions separated by the diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
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115. Body Cavities Thoracic cavity Cavity superior to the diaphragm
Houses heart, lungs, and other organs
Mediastinum, the central region, houses heart, trachea, and other organs
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116. Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity Cavity inferior to the diaphragm
Superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs
Protected only by trunk muscles
Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
Protected somewhat by bony pelvis
No physical structure separates abdominal from pelvic cavities
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117. Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions Four quadrants
Nine regions
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118. Figure 1.8 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)

119. Figure 1.9 The nine abdominopelvic regions.
Diaphragm
Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
Transverse
colon of large
intestine
Right
hypochondriac
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Ascending
colon of
large intestine
Descending
colon of large
intestine
Right
lumbar
region
Left
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Small intestine
Initial part
of sigmoid
colon
Hypo-
gastric
(pubic)
region
Cecum
Right iliac
(inguinal)
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
Appendix
Urinary
bladder
(a) Nine regions delineated by
four planes
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions
showing the superficial organs

120. Body Cavities Other body cavities include: Oral and digestive cavities
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
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121. Mark was tackled in a football game and sustained an injury to his antebrachial region; where is his injury located?
hip
forearm
wrist
leg
Answer: B
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122. Mark was tackled in a football game and sustained an injury to his antebrachial region; where is his injury located?
hip
forearm
wrist
leg
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123. Which of the following activities represents an anatomical study?
making a section through the heart to observe its interior
testing the pituitary for hormone function
studying how the muscles contract
studying how the nerves conduct electrical impulses
Answer: A
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124. Which of the following activities represents an anatomical study?
making a section through the heart to observe its interior
testing the pituitary for hormone function
studying how the muscles contract
studying how the nerves conduct electrical impulses
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125. MRI PET scan CT scan sonogram
This imaging method requires the injection of short-lived radioisotopes that have been tagged to substances such as glucose.
MRI
PET scan
CT scan
sonogram
Answer: B
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126. MRI PET scan CT scan sonogram
This imaging method requires the injection of short-lived radioisotopes that have been tagged to substances such as glucose.
MRI
PET scan
CT scan
sonogram
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127. Workbook After today’s notes, you should be able to complete:
Pages 1-6 completely
Page 13 (#20)
Page 14 (#22)
Page 15 (#1)
Page 16 (#10)
The workbook is due in its entirety on Wednesday, 9/3.

128. Remember Tomorrow: Tuesday: Wednesday: Safety Contract Due
School Supply Due
Wear closed shoes
Wednesday:
Meet in B122
Chapter 1 Workbook is Due
Safety Quiz