1. Study of Life Chapter 1 Themes
AP Bio

2. Pre Assessment Name the kingdoms of life.
Name 3 types of cells. Contrast these cells.
What are the 3 domains of all living things.
Name 1 scientist whose research led to the development of the cell theory.
What scientists led to the development of the DNA model?
Name 5 characteristics that all living things posess.
Who is the father of evolution?
What is the purpose of a control group?
What are protein catalysts?

3. OBJECTIVES
1. Briefly describe unifying themes that pervade the science of biology.
2. Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology.
3. Explain how the properties of life emerge from complex organization.
4. Describe seven emergent properties associated with life.
5. Distinguish between holism and reductionism.
6. Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the
cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell.
7. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
8. Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "form fits function."
9. List the five kingdoms of life and distinguish among them.
10. Briefly describe how Charles Darwin's ideas contributed to the conceptual framework of biology.
11. Outline the scientific method.
12. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.
13. Explain how science and technology are interdependent

5. Why study themes of Biology?
Biology is an ever expanding body of knowledge
too much to memorize it all
need to generalize
create a framework upon which to organize new knowledge
themes are the key to understanding the nature of living organisms

6. Unifying Themes Emergent Properties~ hierarchy of life
The Cell~ all organism’s basic structure
Heritable Information~ DNA
Structure & Function~ form and function
Environmental Interaction~ organisms are open systems
Regulation~ feedback mechanisms
Unity & Diversity~ universal genetic code
Evolution~ biology’s core theme; differential reproductive success
Scientific Inquiry~ observation; testing; repeatability
Science, Technology & Society~ functions of our world

7. Emergent Properties/Characteristics of Life
Order. Organisms are highly organized, and other characteristics of life emerge from this complex organization.
Cells. All living organisms are made of cells
Reproduction. Organisms reproduce; life comes only from life (biogenesis).
Growth and Development.
Heredity

8. 6. Energy Utilization. Organisms take in and transform energy to do work, including the maintenance of their ordered state. 7. Response to Environment. Organisms respond to stimuli from their environment. 8. Homeostasis. Organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain a steady-state, even in the face of a fluctuating external environment. 9. Evolutionary Adaptation. Life evolves in response to interactions between organisms and their environment.

9. I. Life’s Hierarchical Order
The living world is a hierarchy, with each level of biological structure building on the level below it

10. I. Hierarchy of Organization
Atoms
Molecule
Organelle
Cells
Tissues
Organ
Organism

11. Levels of organization beyond the individual organism:
Populations
Localized group of organisms belonging to the same species
Community
Populations of species living in the same area
Ecosystems
An energy-processing system ofi community interactions that include abiotic environmental factors
Biosphere
The sum of all the planet's ecosystems
AP Bio

12. Form follows function
The alignment of structure & function is seen at all levels of biology
Levels of organization animation
organ
organism
cell
organelle

13. Check Point
Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology beginning with an Atom.

14. II. Cells are an organism’s basic units of structure and function
Lowest level of structure capable of performing all activities of life.
All organisms are composed of cells.
unicellular or multi cellular
The invention of the microscope led to the discovery of the cell and the formulation
of the cell theory.
Robert Hooke (1665) examination of cork- tiny boxes which he called "cells" (really cell walls).
Antonie van Leeuwenhok (1600's) used the microscope to observe living organisms
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1839) ~all living things are made of cells.
This formed the basis for the cell theory.

15. Two major kinds of cells
Prokaryotic cell = Cell lacking membrane-bound organelles and a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
Archaebacteria and bacteria
Generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells
Contains DNA that is not separated from the rest of the cell, as there is no membrane-bound nucleus
Most have tough external walls

16. Two major kinds of cells
Eukaryotic cell = Cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed
Organelles.
Protists, plants, fungi, and animals
DNA is segregated from the rest of the cell within the nucleus
Some cells have a tough cell wall outside the plasma membrane (e.g., plant
cells). Animal cells lack cell walls.

17. Check Point
Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell.

18. Check Point
Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

19. III. Reproduction Asexual Binary Fission~ bacteria Sexual Gametes
Fruiting Bodies
Flowers
Meiosis

20. IV. Growth and Development
Metamorphosis
Puberty

21. You can make more, a lot like you!
V. Heredity
Heritable information in the form of DNA
DNA – the genetic material – carries biological information from one generation to the next T R A I
You can make more, a lot like you!

22. Heredity

23. Heredity
DNA
gene
chromosomes
Role of DNA

24. VI. Energy transfer Life is an open system need input of energy
energy flows through
energy comes in, energy goes out
need a constant input
need input of materials
nutrients are recycled around & around
nutrients
ENTROPY RULES!
DECOMPOSERS RULE, too!

25. Check Point What type of energy enters the atmosphere?
What type of energy leaves the atmosphere?

26. You think they’re eating… They’re harvesting energy!
Energy utilization
You think they’re eating… They’re harvesting energy!

27. Organisms are open systems that interact continuously with their environments
Organisms interact with their environment, which includes other organisms as well as abiotic factors.
Both organism and environment are affected by the interaction between them.
Ecosystem dynamics include two major processes:
1. Nutrient cycling
2. Energy flow

28. VII. Responsiveness Stimuli Response Nervous System Endocrine System
Electrical Impulses

29. VIII. Homeostasis
Organisms need to maintain a “steady state” in the face of changing conditions
maintain homeostasis
achieve this through feedback
monitor the body like a thermostat
turn on when it’s needed, off when its not

30. Feedback Positive feedback speeds a process up
Negative feedback slows a process down
Organisms and cells also use chemical mediators to help regulate processes

31. Feedback Regulation: Negative
Accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process
Example: sugar breakdown generates ATP; excess ATP inhibits an enzyme near the beginning of the pathway

33. Feedback Regulation: Positive
An end product speeds up its production
Example: blood clotting in response to injury

34. Examples of Regulation
The hormone insulin, for example, signals cells in vertebrate organisms to take up glucose. As a result, blood glucose levels go down.
In certain forms of diabetes mellitus, insulin is deficient and cells do not take up glucose as they should, and as a result, blood glucose levels remain high.

35. Provide an example of positive and negative feedback processes.
Ex. Positive~ During pregnancy contractions increase until the baby is delivered.

36. Metabolism Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism Enzymes
Activation energy
Anabolism- builds
Catabolism- breaks down

37. Metabolism

38. IX. Evolution
Core theme of biology
Charles Darwin

39. Evolution explains unity & diversity
what do organisms have in common & why do similarities exist?
common biochemistry & physiology
evolutionary relationships
connected through common ancestor
Diversity
but why are there differences?
natural selection
adaptations allow different individuals to survive in different environments

40. "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution."
Theodosius Dobzhansky: Integrating Genetics and Evolution
Theodosius Dobzhansky, a Russian geneticist who moved to the United States, provided laboratory evidence for natural selection and variation where previously there had been only field observation. Dobzhansky's work with Drosophila, or fruit flies, provided new evidence that supported Darwin's theory that natural selection, acting on genetic variation in populations, is a driving force in evolution.
-- Theodosius Dobzhansky March 1973
Geneticist, Columbia University
( )
AP Bio

41. Examples
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics
Peppered Moths

42. Taxonomy

43. Taxonomy Need for a universal system Carolus Linnaeus Three Domains
Bacteria
Arachae
Eukaryotes
Kingdom-most inclusive
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

44. 3 Domains of Life- 6 Kingdoms
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

45. Organizing systems Making sense out of the diversity
Hierarchical scheme
Eastern gray squirrel
Sciurus carolinensis

46. Scientific Name Binomial Nomenclature Scientific Name Genus species
Examples
Homo Sapien
System is based on Phylogenetic relationships.

47. Science as a process of inquiry

48. Science as a process of inquiry
Built on repeatable observations & testable, falsifiable hypotheses

49. Scientific Method
Process which outlines a series of steps used to answer questions.
Not a rigid procedure.
Based on the conviction that natural phenomena have natural causes.
Requires evidence to logically solve problems.
The key ingredient of the scientific process is the hypothetico-deductive method
Involves:
1. Asking a question and formulating a tentative answer or hypothesis by inductive reasoning.
2. Using deductive reasoning to make predictions from the hypothesis and then testing the validity of those predictions.

50. Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning = Making an inference from a set of specific observations to reach a general conclusion.
Deductive reasoning = Making an inference from general premises to specific consequences
Usually takes the form of If...then logic.
Usually involves predicting experimental results that are expected if the hypothesis is true

51. Provide an example of Inductive & Deductive reasoning
Ex. Deductive reasoning- If I step on the gas and turn the ignition, the car will start.
Predicting results from a hypothesis
Ex. Inductive-observations lead to generalizations

52. Holism vs Reductionism
The principle that a higher level of order cannot be meaningfully explained by examining component parts in isolation.
• An organism is a living whole greater than the sum of its parts.
Ex- A cell dismantled to its chemical ingredients is no longer a cell.
It is also difficult to analyze a complex process without taking it apart.
Reductionism
A complex system can be understood by studying its component parts.
Ex- Watson and Crick deduced the role of DNA in inheritance by studying its molecular structure.

53. Provide an Example of Reductionism
Ex. In order to understand inheritance, one must understand the molecular structure of DNA

54. Science, technology & society
Science & technology must function within the rules of society
Ethics

55. We have a love-hate relationship with technology.
Pros
Improved our standard of living.
Cons
Creation of new problems
Ie. Increased population growth, acid rain, deforestation, global warming, nuclear accidents, ozone holes, toxic wastes, and endangered species.

56. Phylogeny Branching tree of life.
Species that are very similar share a common ancestor at a recent branch point on the phylogenetic tree.
• Less closely related organisms share a more ancient common ancestor.

57. Where all life began…….
All life is connected and can be traced back to primeval prokaryotes that existed more than 3 billion years ago.
In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in which he made two major points:
1. Species change, and contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors through a process of "descent with modification."
2. A mechanism of evolutionary change is natural selection.

58. Organisms don’t adapt; Organisms have adaptations.
Natural selection
Organisms don’t adapt; Organisms have adaptations.

59. Requirements for Natural Selection
All species have the potential to overpopulate the earth.
Many must die at an early age.
Variation exists within the members of a species.
Those with better adapted traits live longer and reproduce more often (differential reproduction)
(Fecundity)
Traits are inheritable.
Process can account for new species and diversity.

60. Post Assessment
Describe seven emergent properties associated with life.
Distinguish between holism and reductionism.
Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the
cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell.
Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "form fits function.“
List the five kingdoms of life and distinguish among them.
Briefly describe how Charles Darwin's ideas contributed to the conceptual framework of biology.
Outline the scientific method.
Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.

61. ANY QUESTIONS?
AP Bio