1. DENTURE BASE RESINS Dr. lakshya kumar Asstt. Professor
Deptt of Prosthodontics
Lecture-9 am to 10 am
20/9/2014
PART 2, 3

2. Conventional heat cure acrylic resins
Conventional cold cure acrylic resins
High impact resistant acrylic resin
Injection moulding resin
Rapid heat polymerizing resin
Light activated resin

3. CONVENTIONAL
HEAT CURE
ACRYLIC RESINS

4. Main chemical which will polymerize Hydroquinone (o.Oo3-o.1%)
COMPOSITION OF MONOMER
Methyl methacrylate
Main chemical which will polymerize
Hydroquinone (o.Oo3-o.1%)
Inhibitor while storage
Dibutyl phthalate
Plastisizer
Glycol dimethacrylate (1-2%)
Cross linking agent
Styrene vinyl acetate or ethyl methacrylate
As copolymers

5. PROPERTIES OF MONOMER
Typical smell of its own
Clear, transparent liquid
Boiling point 100.3*c
Good organic solvent
Can get evaporated
Inflammable
Stored in dark colored bottle
Light weight
Volumetric shrinkage of 21%
It is a known allergen

6. LIQUID
Methyl methacrylate monomer
Cross linking agent Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate(5-15%).they are added to avoid crack or craze produced by stresses during drying.
Inhibitor Hydroquinone (trace) to avoid premature polymerization and enhance shelf life.
When MMA polymerizes it shrinks 21% by volume.
Using a 3:1 powder liquid ratio it could be minimized to 6%.
A correctly heat processed denture base could have as little as 0.3% to 2% residual monomer.

7. Composition of polymer
Polymethyl methacrylate
main ingredient
Benzoil peroxide
%, initiator
Dibutyl phthalate
8-10%, plasticizer
Zinc or tetanium oxide
opacifier

8. Composition of polymer
Mercuric sulfide or iron oxide or titanium oxide
- pigments and dyes
Glass fibres or beads or zirconium sulfate
- to increase stiffness
Nylon or acrylic fibres
- in veined type
- capillaries of gum

9. Different types of polymer powder
Normal pink
-which resembles the normal pink
color of gum
Clear polymer
- no coloring agents are added
- indicated in palatal area
Translucent
Veined or deep veined

10. Properties of polymer powder
Stable at room temperature
- has long shelf life
Softening temperature
- 125 * c
- 125*-200*c
depolymerization occurs
- 450 *c
converted back to monomer
Absorbs water and soluble in chloroform

11. Properties of polymer powder
Tensile strength
- 600 kg/sq cm
Appearance
- shiny
- transparent
Produced in two shapes
- spherical
- granular

12. Properties of polymer powder
Control of particle size
- no.52 sieve mesh
- 300 micrometer
If particle size is smaller
- softening will be quicker
- granular shape softens faster

13. Manufacturing of polymer powder
Spherical particles
By suspension polymerization
- monomer and water are mixed with an emulsifier i.e, powder talc.
- then the mixture is heated and stirred
- at the end talc is washed off to
get polymerized polymer particles
Granular particles
- solid block
- then it is grinded or milled

14. A Recommended curing cycles overnight water-bath cures: 1) 7hr at 70 C
CURING CYLES EMPLOYED
A Recommended curing cycles
overnight water-bath cures:
1) 7hr at 70 C
2) 14hr at 70 C
3) 7hr at 70 C +1hr at 100C
4) 14hr at 70C + 1hr at 100C
Dry heat cure:
5)temp in excess of 100C using dry heat system

15. B Short curing cycles 6) 7hr at 60C 7) 7hr at 60C +1 hr at 90C

16. (II)PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Should possess adequate strength and resiliency and resistance to biting and chewing forces impact forces and excessive wear in oral cavity.
Should be dimensionally stable under all conditions of service including thermal changes and variations in loading.
Specific gravity: It should have low value of specific gravity in order that dentures should be as light as possible.
Thermal conductivity: It is defined as the number of calories per second flowing through an area of 1cm2 in which the temperature drop along the length of the specimen is 1°C/cm.
It should have high value of thermal conductivity
Radiopacity: It is the inhibition of passage of radiant energy.
It should be ideally radiopaque

17. Effect of molecular weight on properties
Glass transition temperature:
It is the temperature at which molecular motions become such that whole chains are able to move. It is close to softening temperature. At this temperature sudden change in elastic modulus occurs.
Amorphous polymer below Tg behave as rigid solids while above Tg they behave as viscous liquids, flexible solids or rubbers.
Increased chain branching  Decreased Tg.
Increased number of cross links  Increased Tg
Effect of molecular weight on properties
In many polymers the chains are held together by secondary, or Vander Waals forces and molecular entanglement. Materials of high molecular weight have a greater degree of molecular entanglement, and have greater rigidity and strength and higher values of Tg and melting temperature than low molecular weight polymers.

18. Effect of plasticizers
Plasticizers penetrate between the randomly oriented chains of polymer as a result of which molecules are further apart and forces between them are less. They soften the material and make it more flexible by lowering its Tg. They lubricate the movements of polymer chains and are sometimes added to help molding characteristics. This principle is used in producing acrylic soft lining materials.
Effect of fillers
Modulus of elasticity and strength are generally increased.
A degree of anisotropy exist, that is the strength depends on the orientation of fibres in the polymers.
Viscoelasticity : Polymers show viscoelastic behavior. Elastic behavior is caused by uncoiling of polymer molecules. Plastic behavior is caused by breaking of intermolecular Vander Waals forces

19. (III) MANIPULATION
Should not produce toxic fumes or dust
Easy to mix, insert, shape and cure and short setting time
Oxygen inhibition, saliva and blood contamination should have little or no effect.
Final product should be easy to polish and easy to repair in case of breakage.
(IV)AESTHETIC PROPERTIES
Should be translucent to match oral tissues
Capable of pigmentation
No change in color after fabrication.
(v)ECONOMIC CONSIDERATION
Cost should be low
Processing should not require complex and expensive instruments.

20. (VI) CHEMICAL STABILITY
Conditions in mouth are demanding and only the most chemically stable and inert materials can withstand such conditions without deterioration.
“No resin has yet met all of these ideal criteria”. Methacrylate polymers fulfill the aforementioned requirement reasonably well.

21. 2)AUTOPOLYMERIZING/COLD CURE POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE (POUR RESIN)
Composition same as the heat cure version with following differences
1)The powder contains beads of polymer that have a lower molecular wt. and benzoyl proxide (initiator)
2) The liquid contains a chemical activator ,tertiary amine such as dimethyl-para- toluidine.

22. Upon mixing tertiary amine causes decomposition of benzoyl peroxide.
Dentures processed have more residual monomer (1-4%),but lower dimensional change.
Decreased transverse strength (residual monomer act as plastisizer).
Compromised biocompatibility (residual monomer)
Color stability inferior (teriaty amine susceptible to oxidation), stabilizing agents should be added

23. Fluid resin and compression molding technique can be employed for the fabrication of denture.
Also used as repair material

24. 3)HIGH IMPACT RESISTANT ACRYLIC
Similar to heat cured material but less likely to be broken if dropped.
Produced by substituting the PMMA in the powder with a copolymer.
Copolymer of butadiene with styrene or methyl methacrylate are incorporated into the beads.
Phase inversion resulting in dispersion throughout the beads of tiny islands of rubber containing small inclusions of rubber/PMMA graft polymer.
Electron micrograph of high impact denture
Base showing size and shape of polystyrene-butadiene
Rubber inversion phase.

25. 4) Injection molded polymers
These are made of Nylon or Polycarbonate.
The material is supplied as a gel in the form of a putty .
It has to be heated and injected into a mold
Equipment is expensive.
Craze resistance is low .
The SR-Ivocap system uses specialized flasks and clamping presses to keep the molds under a constant pressure of 3000 lbs

26. 5) RAPID HEAT POLYMERIZED POLYMER
Same as conventional material except that they contain altered initiation system.
These initiator allow them to be processed in boiling water for 20 min.
A problem with these is that areas of the base thicker than approx.6mm have a high level of porosity.
Short duration of heating also leaves a higher level of residual monomer,3-7 times greater than conventional heat cured denture base.

27. 6) MICROWAVE POLYMERIZED POLYMERS
Resins are the same as used with conventional material and are processed in a microwave.
Denture base cures well in Special polycarbonate flask (instead of metal).
The properties and the accuracy of these materials have been shown to be as good or better than those of the conventional heat cured material.
Processing time is much shorter (4-5 min).
Microwave resin and non metallic microwave flask

28. 7)Light activated denture base resins
This material is a composite having a matrix of urethane dimethacrylate, microfine silica and high molecular wt acrylic resin monomers
Acrylic resin beads are included as organic fillers.
Visible light is the activator, whereas camphorquinone serves as the initiator for polymerization.
Can be used as repair material and as custom tray material.
Single component denture base is supplied as sheet and rope form in light proof pouches.
Light curing unit for polymerizing
Dimethacrylate

29. 8) FIBER –REINFORCED POLYMER
Glass, carbon/graphite, aramid and ultrahigh molecular wt polyethylene have been used as fiber reinforcing agents.
Metal wires like graphite has minimal esthetic qualities.
Fibers are stronger than matrix polymer thus their inclusion strengthens the composite structure.
The reinforcing agent can be in the form of unidirectional, straight fiber or multidirectional weaves.

30. Polymer – monomer interaction
When mixed in proper proportions, the resultant mass passes through five distinct stages
1.Sandy
2. stringy
3. Dough like
4. rubbery
5. Stiff
During sandy stage, little or no interaction occurs on a molecular level. Polymer beads remain unaltered.
This stage is ideal for compression molding.
Hence material is inserted into mold cavity during dough like stage.

31. 2. Stringy stage
Later, mixture enters stringy stage. Monomer attacks the surfaces of individual polymer beads.
Stage charcterized by stringiness,…
3. dough like stage
The mass enters a dough like stage.
On molecular level increased number of polymer chains are formed. Clinically the mass becomes as a pliable dough. It is no longer tacky ( sticky)

32. 4.Rubbery or elastic stage
Following dough like stage, the mixture enters rubbery or elastic stage. Monomer is dissipated by evaporation and by further penetration into remaining polymer beads. In clinical use the mass rebounds when compressed or stretched
5. Stiff Stage
Upon standing for an extended period, the mixture becomes stiff.
This may be due to the evaporation of free monomer. From clinical point, the mixture appears very dry and resistant to mechanical deformation

33. TECHNIQUES

34. TECHNIQUES COMPRESSION MOLD TECHNIQUE INJECTION MOULD TECHNIQUE
FLUID RESIN TECHNIQUE
MICROWAVE PROCESSING
LIGHT ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE RESINS

35. Compression mold technique
Primary impressions
Secondary impressions
Jaw relations
Try in stage
acrylization
flasking
dewaxing
packing- under pressure
curing

36. “ a metal case or tube used in investing procedure”
Flask
surround or invest
“ a metal case or tube used in investing procedure”
- metal
- brass
3 or 4 parts

37. 3 part flask

38. pressure clamp

39. FLASKING
TWO POUR TECHNIQUE
THREE POUR TECHNIQUE

41. Checking the seating of flask members
Invested flask & cast is washed in clear slurry water
Surface tension reducing agent is applied to the exposed wax
Separating medium is applied

42. Second mix is mixed
Hand spatulation
Mechanical spatulation
-Under reduced atmospheric pressure
-Minimum air inclusion
-Reduces finishing time
Stone is coated in occlusal & inter-
Proximal areas with stiff brush

43. Stone is poured in flask
Vibrator can be used
In absence of vibrator
Flask is filled till approximately ¼ of the flask
Stone is removed in incisal & occlusal surfaces
Stone is allowed to set

44. After the stone is set separating medium is coated
Occlusal & incisal surfaces shouldn’t be coated with the separating medium
Clear slurry is poured till the stone is mixed
Slurry is poured off, flask is filled with the stone

45. Lid is closed
Flask is clamped

46. Finishing and polishing
The denture is taken out from the flask.
It is then trimed
Finally wet polishing is done.

47. Denture defects
Porosity
Crazing
Warpage
Fracture

48. porosity Presence of voids within structure of resin
Porosity can be of two types
Internal
External
Internal porosity is due to voids within the structure usually at thicker portion
Cause – due to vaporization of the monomer (100.8C)
Solution- long low temperature curing cycle is recommended.

49. External porosity is due porosities which occur near the surface of denture.
Cause
Lack of homogeneity of dough.
Lack of adequate pressure.
Prevention – use proper monomer – powder ratio, packing in dough stage.

50. Crazing Crazing is formation of surface cracks on denture base resin.
Causes –
Incorportion of stress
Attack by solvent (alcohol)
Incorporation of water during processing.
Prevention
Avoidance of solvent
Proper use of separating media
Metal moulds
Use of cross linked acrylic

51. CRAZING

52. Denture warpage Denture warpage is change in shape or fit of denture.
Cause is incorporation of stress in deture
Packing in late dough or rubbery stage.
Stress induced during curing
Improper deflasking
Rise in temp while polishing
Immersion of processed denture in hot water.

53. Denture warpage

54. Denture fracture Improper deflasking Denture base excessively thin
Accidental dropping at time of polishing

55. Change in tooth position
Care to taken at time of dewaxing procedure
Rearticulation to be done after processing the denture to check of occllusal discrepancy.

56. The cured polymer should be stiff enough to hold the teeth in occlusion during mastication and to minimize uneven loading of the mucosa, underlying the denture should not creep under masticatory loads should not deteriorate in the aqueous oral environment and crazes should not form The cured polymer should be biologically inert and slow to foul

57. For an allergic patient, low free-monomer content may be thought more important than stiffness.
For a patient requiring a soft lining, stiffness is very important if the reduced cross sectional area of the denture, may lead to stability or loading problems.

58. HEAT CURE
Curing the dough before the monomer has diffused to the core of the beads may result in reduced flexural strength and a tendency for cracks to propagate.
The curing cycle is designed to raise the temperature to a point at which
(1) sufficient benzoylperoxy radicals are produced to overcome the scavenging effect of oxygen,
(2) polymer chains form by free-radical addition polymerization.

59. Too rapid a rise
in temperature produces large numbers of radicals or radical avalanche, as a result, many growing polymer chains. These chains collide either with other radicals or with polymer chains, producing an increase in branching and cross-linking of the interstitial polymer. This in turn reduces toughness.

60. Slow cures result in much tougher denture bases, producing fewer cross-links and branches, and having a higher overall molecular weight between cross-links because
Free-monomer content is often lower
also, because the steadier rise in internal viscosity of the curing polymer allows the monomer easier access to the growing free radicals. The cross-linker is more completely polymerized in heat-cured systems; this results in significantly lower creep values due to removal of the plasticizing effect of unreacted pendant crosslinker groups.

61. Heat-cured systems have one great advantage over autopolymerized and injection molding methods: an increased rate of monomer diffusion at the higher temperature.
Conversely, an increased temperature of cure can also result in the annealing of stresses that build up in the structure due to polymerization shrinkage. If this stress is not released, it can act as the foci for crazes or distortions

62. Autopolymerizing acrylic
The pour technique for dentures, originally developed during the 1960s, reversible hydrocolloid. The fitting surface of the mold
consists of the plaster model itself; the acrylic teeth occupy their positions in the agar mold in the same way they do in a conventional plaster mold. In general, the creep of these products is greater than that of heat-cured acrylics.

63. Permanent Soft Lining Materials

65. Acrylic soft liners
acrylics that have a natural glass-transition temperature at least 25°C less than that of the mouth. The plasticizer used to soften the acrylic can either be unbound to the acrylic and hence free to diffuse out during use, resulting in a loss of resilience,

66. Silicone soft liners
The silicones used as soft liners can be divided into two types:
room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV)
and heat curing.
The RTV silicones' greatest drawback is their lack of adhesion, which is especially a problem around the edges of the attachment between acrylic and silicone

67. Temporary Soft Liners and Functional Impression Materials
it is their viscoelastic properties that are important,
specifically their ability to flow under masticatory and linguistic forces, spreading the load on the mucosa evenly.

68. SUMMARY

71. MCQ DENTURE BASE RESIN

72. 1) In heat cure denture base resins the monomer is
a) methacrylate 
b) ethylmethacrylate
c) metyl ethyl methacrylate
d) polymethylmethacrylate

73. 2)If curing occurs at temperature more than 100 degree celsius porosity results in which are of denture
a)hard thick central area
b) thin palatal area
c)thin area of flanges
d) porosity is uniformly distributed

74. 3)What is the shrinkage if 3:1 powder:liquid ratio is used
b) 8%
c) 10%
d) 21%

75. 4) Hydroquinone is added to methyl methacrylate monomer 
a) to prevent polymerization during storage
b)to initiate release of free radicles
c) to enable polymerisation reaction at room temperature
d)all of the above

76. 5) cross linking of denture base is contributed by 
a)gylcol dimethacrylate
b) benzoyl peroxide
c) N para toluidine 
d) methyl methacrylate

77. 6) use of dimethyl P toluidine is indicated for
a) thermal polymerization of acrylic
b) chemical polymerization
c) retarding the polymerizing reaction
d) to inhibit the action of benzoyl peroxide

78. 7)Porosity present in acrylic denture is usually the result of 
a) prolonged curing cycle
b) lack of sufficient pressure applied to flask
c) insufficient acrylic resin monomer
d) prolonged bench cooling after curing

79. 8)The most important disadvantage of acrylic denture base is
a) porosity
b)shrinkage
c)tooth breakage
d)water absorption

80. 9)In self cure acrylic resin the activator is
a) toluidine
b) quaternary ammonium compound
c) benzoyl peroxide
d) tertiary amine

81. 10) Which of the following may result if an excessive amount of monomer is incorporated into an acrylic resin mixture
a) excessive expansion
b) low impact strength
c) excessive shrinkage
d) excessive brittleness

82. 11) Porosity of denture base is due to
a) packing at dough stage
b) curing at 160 degree Celsius
c) inadequate pressure
d) all of the above

83. 12) Subsurface porosity is due to
a) thermal changes
b) thickness of resin
c) lack of temperature
d) packing past the dough stage

84. 13) To prevent porosity in self cure acrylic resin curing should be carried in
a) cold water
b) hot water
c) under tap water
d) under vaccum pressure

85. 14) Acrylic resins are used for
a) anterior restorations
b) temporary brigdes
c) denture bases
d) all

86. 15) Packing of heat cure acrylic resin should be done in which stage
a) Sandy stage
b)Stringy stage
c)Dough stage
d)Rubbery stage