1. Catalyst Questions What are the five layers of the epidermis?
List the functions of the skin.
How does the skin respond to aging?
What is the rule of nines?

2. Lets Review…
Resistance to trauma and infection, water retention, vitamin D synthesis, sensation, thermoregulation, and nonverbal communication.
Stratum basale, stratum spinsum, stran granulosum, stranum lucidum, and stratum corneum.

3. Epidermal Layers and Keratinization

4. Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System
Skin more easily damaged because epidermis thins and amount of collagen decreases
Skin infections more likely
Wrinkling occurs due to decrease in elastic fibers
Skin becomes drier
Decrease in blood supply causes poor ability to regulate body temperature
Functioning melanocytes decrease or increase; age spots
Sunlight ages skin more rapidly

5. The Rule of Nines Used to estimate amount of body that is burned.
Note differing proportions in adult and child.

6. Class Updates…
Review day on Wednesday August 24th, plus in class project!
Test corrections on due on Monday, September 22nd.
Test will be on Friday, 26th !

7. Review Sheets
A completed review sheet will be worth +10 on the exam.

8. Dermis, Hypodermis, and Structures of the Integumentary System

9. Objectives
You will be able to describe the histological structure of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue
You will be able to describe the function of each of the individual parts in the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

10. Dermis
Gives structural strength. C.T. with many fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages. Some adipocytes and blood vessels.
Contains nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels.
Sensory functions: pain, itch, tickle, temperature, touch, pressure, two-point discrimination.

11. Two Layers of the Dermis
Two layers variable in thickness
Papillary. Superficial (outer) 1/5. Areolar with lots of elastic fibers. Dermal papillae, capillary beds. Fingerprints. Whorls of ridges. Touch receptors (Meissner’s), free nerve endings sensing pain
Reticular: Deep (inner) 4/5. Dense irregular C.T. Collagen and elastic fibers. In the figure see: some adipose, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, ducts of sweat glands, heat sensors.

12. Dermis
The dermis is directly below the epidermis and is a connective tissue layer.
It is composed mainly of collagen but also contains other tissues like elastic and reticular fibers, fibroblasts, and other fibrous connective tissue cells.
It is well supplied with blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings.
The hair follicles and nail roots are embedded in the dermis.

13. Dermis, cont’d
Smooth muscles associated with hair follicles contract in response to such stimuli as cold, fear, and touch.
In the face, skeletal muscles attach to dermal collagen fibers and produce such expression as a smile, a wrinkle of the forehead, and the lifting of an eyebrow.

14. Dermis, cont’d
The boundary between the epidermis and dermis is very obvious and wavy. The upward waves are like finger-like extensions of the dermis called dermal papillae.
NOTE: DO NOT CONFUSE THIS WITH THE DERMAL PAPILLA OF THE HAIR!!
The downward waves are like extensions of the epidermis called epidermal ridges.

15. Dermis, cont’d
There are two zones of the dermis called the papillary and reticular layers.
The papillary layer is a thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papillae.
The loosely organized tissue of the papillary layer allows for mobility of leukocytes (defense cells) and other defenses against organisms introduced through breaks in the epidermis.
The reticular layer of the dermis is deeper and much thicker.
It consists of dense, irregular connective tissue.

16. Hypodermis
Beneath the skin is a layer called the hypodermis, aka the subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia.
The boundary between the dermis and hypodermis is indistinct, but the hypodermis generally has more areolar and adipose tissue (fat).
The hypodermis binds the skin to the underlying tissues and pads the body.
Subcutaneous fat is hypodermis composed predominantly of adipose tissue.
This fat serves as an energy reservoir and thermal insulation.

18. Cleavage (Tension) Lines
Cleavage (tension) lines: elastic and collagen fibers oriented in some directions more than in others
Important in surgery
If incision parallel to lines, there is less gapping, faster healing, less scar tissue
If skin is overstretched, striae (stretch marks) occur

19. Structures -dermal papillae -hair follicle -sebaceous gland
-hair receptor
-apocrine sweat gland
-hair bulb
-sensory nerve fibers
-piloerector muscle
-lamellated corpuscle- these are receptors for deep pressure
-Tactile corpuscles- receptors of light touch and texture
-merocrine sweat gland
-blood capillaries
-hypodermis
-epidermis

20. Structures of Integumentary System

21. Effects of Aging on Tissues Continued..
Cells divide more slowly
Collagen fibers become more irregular in structure, though they may increase in number
Tendons and ligaments become less flexible and more fragile
Elastic fibers fragment, bind to calcium ions, and become less elastic
Arterial walls and elastic ligaments become less elastic
Changes in collagen and elastin result in
Atherosclerosis and reduced blood supply to tissues
Wrinkling of the skin
Increased tendency for bones to break
Rate of blood cell synthesis declines in the elderly
Injuries don’t heal as readily