1. Physiology and Psychology

2. Discovering Reaction Times Where? Astronomy lab (Maskelyne and Killebrook) It was called at first: "personal equation" Why is it an important discovery?

3. The Nervous System as an Intermediary Between your consciousness and the world Johannes Müller (1801-1858) Specific nerve energies. What would happen if we connected your ears to the optic nerve, and your eyes to the acoustic nerve? The nervous system as a grid for your perception.

4. Vitalism Johannes Müller was also a vitalist. He thought there was a "vital energy" that somehow was then distributed in specific ways by the nervous system He thought that the nervous system transmission was instantaneous. Are there current movements, philosophies today that are vitalist?

5. Helmholtz (1821-1894) Antivitalist What does it take to work in Helmhotz's lab?

6. Helmholtz's Oath No other forces than the common physical-chemical ones are active within the organism. In those cases which cannot at the time be explained by these forces, one has either to find the specific way or form of their action by means of the physical-mathematical method, or to assume new forces equal in dignity to the physical-chemical forces inherent in matter, reducible to the force of attraction and repulsion.

7. Helmholtz contributions Measure of the speed of the nervous impulse Tri-chromatic theory of vision (with Young) Research on audition: resonance. harmony, discord

8. Of special interest to psychology Helmholtz's Distinction between sensation and perception Notion of unconscious inference (ex in depth perception)

9. Body and mind Johannes Müller: dualist: body and mind both exist. The "vital energy" is seen as non material, independent from the material. Helmholtz: materialistic monist. What do you think? Is our consciousness, thinking, spirituality more than our nervous system?

10. The notion of brain localization Franz Gall (phrenology) Pierre Flourens (function of cerebellum, semi-circular canals). Unitary function of the cortex Paul Broca (Broca's area) Sir David Ferrier (motor areas) Ramon Y Cajal (neuron as a unit)

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