1. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS NSF and the Internationalization of the [Academic] Internet Steve Goldstein (Retired, former NSF Program Director for International Networking)

2. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS Disclaimer These are my personal recollections. They are based on my tenure at the National Science Foundation. My views are private and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Foundation.

3. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS Overview Early Phases (1987-1991) –Few, uncoordinated 56 kbps links International Connections Management (ICM) –56 kbps-45 Mbps; 1991-1996 Network Startup Resource Center –Grass roots assistance on demand

4. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS Overview, Cont’d “High Performance” Phase –> 45 Mbps, STAR TAP; post-1997 Most recently –*Lights, Lambdas, “Love-ins” Sprinkled with anecdotal remarks –Hopefully, worth the price of admission!

5. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS NSFNET and ICM (1988-1995 + )

6. The “Older” NSFNET (1991: T1->T3 Migration) 9 45 Mb/s National Network Facility CERFNET NYSERNET PREPNET SURANET MIDNET SESQUINET NORTHWESTNET WESTNET BARRNET CERFNET NSFNET Backbone Geographic Area of Mid-level Network Mid-level Network Hub NEARNET CICNET Hawaii Mid-level Connections Alaska 1988 1991

7. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS The ICM Program Growing international communication needs gave rise to the International Connections Management (ICM) program for NSFNET 1991: Award of International Connections Management Cooperative Agreement (Sprint, 5 years) – consolidated management of circuits to France, NORDUnet (and, later, U.K.) 1992: Many countries connect at their own expense; NSF pays “Port Management Fee” for these countries

8. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS The ICM program – cont’d. 1993: Upgrade 3 circuits to Europe to T1 (Stockholm, London, Paris ) Homestead, FL gateway to Latin America (Ecuador, Costa Rica,...)Other countries continue to connect (Middle East, Pacific) 1994: European T1’s reach full capacity! Upgrading to multiple E1s. 1995: Upgrade to T3/E3 to UK/Stockholm--World’s first transatlantic 45 Mbps IPL!

9. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS NSFNET’s International Connections (ca.1994)

10. NSF International Connections Manager (ICM) 1991-1996

11. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS ICM Connections (ca.1996) CEENet (Central &Eastern Eur.) JANET (UK) TURBITAK (Turkey) Mongolia NACSIS (Japan) KREONet (Korea) Philnet (Philippines) NORDUnet (DK, IS, FI, NO, SE) MIMOS (Malaysia) IPTEKNET (Indonesia) UKWT-NET (Kuwait) Univ of West Indies (Jamaica) CEENet (Central &Eastern Eur.) JANET (UK) TURBITAK (Turkey) Mongolia NACSIS (Japan) KREONet (Korea) Philnet (Philippines) NORDUnet (DK, IS, FI, NO, SE) MIMOS (Malaysia) IPTEKNET (Indonesia) UKWT-NET (Kuwait) Univ of West Indies (Jamaica) Red Cientifica Peruana (Peru) HONDUnet (Honduras) BOLNet (Bolivia) Paraguay Venezuela RETINA (Argentina) Nicaragua ECUAnet (Ecuador) CRNET (Costa Rica) Uruguay Colombia Univ Net (Colombia) Red Cientifica Peruana (Peru) HONDUnet (Honduras) BOLNet (Bolivia) Paraguay Venezuela RETINA (Argentina) Nicaragua ECUAnet (Ecuador) CRNET (Costa Rica) Uruguay Colombia Univ Net (Colombia)

12. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS U.S. and NORDUnet E3 July, 1995 (in time for IETF)

13. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS vBNS, STAR TAP, and HPIIS (1995- )

14. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS HPIIS and STAR TAP HPIIS (TransPAC, MirNET, EuroLink) –TransPAC (Asia-Pacific,1998-2003 + ) –MirNET/NaukaNet (Russia, 1998- 2003 + ) –EuroLink (NORDUnet, SURFnet, Renater, CERN, Israel, 1999- 2003 + ) STAR TAP -> StarLight –Chicago interconnect, May 1997 -2003 +

15. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS LEGEND Network Service Providers Regional and Midlevel Networks Network Access Points (NAPs) Supercomputer Centers REGIONAL NSP #3 NCAR Boulder, CO NCAR Boulder, CO Palo Alto, CA SDSC San Diego, CA SDSC San Diego, CA New York, NY Washington, DC Cornell Ithaca, NY PSC Pittsburg, PA PSC Pittsburg, PA NCSA Champaign, IL NCSA Champaign, IL Chicago, IL “New” 1995 NSFNET Architecture Courtesy of NSF Network News. Copyright ©1994 General Atomics. NSP #2 NSP #1 VBNS

16. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS Proposed NGI Architecture (1996) Source: http://www.ccic.gov/ngi/implementation-Jul97/g2_hp_conn_spec.html

17. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS STAR TAP* (1997- 200?) http://www.startap.net *Science, Technology and Research Transit Access Point, inspired by G-7 GIBN initiative

18. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS Science Technology And Research Transit Access Point (early 2001) http://www.startap.net Japan Korea Taiwan Singapore Australia China France Iceland Sweden Denmark Norway Finland Netherlands Israel Russia CERN Canada US Networks: vBNS, vBNS+, Abilene, ESnet, DREN, NREN/NISN Chile, Brazil (FAPESP) Who Was Connected to STAR TAP?

19. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS What is (was) STAR TAP? Infrastructure Engineering Support and Advanced Services –Technology evaluations –Applications support –Performance measurement –QoS testbeds Education and Outreach –Documentation –Conference participation –Host annual meetings Team Building –Liaison to network consortia –Application communities Layer 2 ATM Connection Point Racks at AADS NAP front/back views www.startap.net Managed by UIC in collaboration with Argonne National Laboratory, Northwestern (MREN/iCAIR) and Indiana University; operated by Ameritech Advanced Data Services

20. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS STAR TAP Connections – Early 1999 CA*Net 2 (Canada) 155 Mbps (http://www.canarie.ca ) vBNS (NSF/MCI) 155 Mbps (http://www.vbns.net ) DoE (ESnet) and NASA (NREN and NISN) share 155 Mbps connection TAP (http://www.es.net ) Abilene (UCAID/Internet2) (http://www.ucaid.org) SINGAREN (Singapore) 14 Mbps (http://www.singaren.net.sg ) TransPAC (35 Mbps from Tokyo--Japan, Korea, Singapore, Australia...); potential for doubling capacity in ‘99 (http://www.transpac.org ); TAnet II (Taiwan, ~15 Mbps of a 45 Mbps link) MirNET (6 Mbps link from Moscow) expected by end of Dec 98; (http://www.mirnet.org ) SURFnet (Netherlands) 155 Mbps to New York, and 45 Mbps split off to STAR TAP CA*Net 2 (Canada) 155 Mbps (http://www.canarie.ca ) vBNS (NSF/MCI) 155 Mbps (http://www.vbns.net ) DoE (ESnet) and NASA (NREN and NISN) share 155 Mbps connection TAP (http://www.es.net ) Abilene (UCAID/Internet2) (http://www.ucaid.org) SINGAREN (Singapore) 14 Mbps (http://www.singaren.net.sg ) TransPAC (35 Mbps from Tokyo--Japan, Korea, Singapore, Australia...); potential for doubling capacity in ‘99 (http://www.transpac.org ); TAnet II (Taiwan, ~15 Mbps of a 45 Mbps link) MirNET (6 Mbps link from Moscow) expected by end of Dec 98; (http://www.mirnet.org ) SURFnet (Netherlands) 155 Mbps to New York, and 45 Mbps split off to STAR TAP NORDUnet (backbone connects IS, NO, SE, FI, DK) expected May ‘99; ~45 Mbps will be split off from 155 Mbps to New York (http://www.nordu.net ) Israel (~45 Mbps via satellite, Inter- University Computation Center) delivery expected May-June '99; Renater (~45 Mbps, France) is tendering for 45 Mbps, or greater, link to the U.S., portion to STAR TAP CERN (~20 Mbps) direct to STAR TAP; expected May 99 NORDUnet (backbone connects IS, NO, SE, FI, DK) expected May ‘99; ~45 Mbps will be split off from 155 Mbps to New York (http://www.nordu.net ) Israel (~45 Mbps via satellite, Inter- University Computation Center) delivery expected May-June '99; Renater (~45 Mbps, France) is tendering for 45 Mbps, or greater, link to the U.S., portion to STAR TAP CERN (~20 Mbps) direct to STAR TAP; expected May 99 Already Connected:Pending:

21. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS STAR TAP and StarLight STAR TAP: 5-year-old operational cross-connect of the world's high-performance Production R&E Networks 45-622Mb ATM--Phasing out StarLight: optical evolution of STAR TAP –Production Networks at 1Gb –Experimental Networks at 1Gb, 2.5Gb, and 10Gb –Research Networks at 10Gb

22. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS What/Where is StarLight? StarLight is an advanced optical infrastructure and proving ground for network services optimized for high-performance applications 710 N. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago Abbott Hall, Northwestern University Chicago view from 710

23. 710 N. Lake Shore Drive Northwestern University Carriers POPs Chicago NAP Chicago

24. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS StarLight Service Description Gigabit Ethernet exchange point –High-speed peering with large MTU –Available collocation space –10GigE, other switched services –Multicast support Policy-free 802.1q VLANs between peering partners Focused on the needs of e-Science and supporting experimental Networks

25. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS StarLight Replication Experimental TransLight collaboration (includes StarLight, NetherLight and some early EuroLink interests) Look for these soon in a country near you!

26. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS HPIIS-TransPAC (U of Indiana) 10/9835Mbps single link Tokyo to Chicago 10/9970Mbps single link Tokyo to Chicago 10/00155Mbps single link Tokyo to Chicago 10/011.224Gbps two links OC-12 to Seattle and Chicago 10/035.00Gbps two links OC-48 to Los Angeles OC-48(2 xGE) to Chicago http://www.transpac.org

27. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS HPIIS-MIRnet/NaukaNet (NCSA) 07/99 Chicago-Moscow ATM Service 6 Mbps 12/01 Chicago-Moscow POS Service 45 Mbps 09/02 Chicago-Moscow POS Service 155 Mbps http://www.naukanet.org

28. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS HPIIS Euro-Link (U of Ill. Chicago) Original Partners: NORDUnet, SURFnet, Renater, CERN, Israel Current partners: SURFnet, CERN –SURFnet 10Gb Chicago-to-Amsterdam –CERN 622Mb link between Chicago and Geneva/CERN + 2.5Gb circuit between CERN and StarLight (EU DataTAG project) http://www.startap.net/euro-link

29. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS The Next Phase(s) New regime at NSF New “Cyberinfrastructure” architecture Your guess is as good as mine

30. Steve Goldstein – NORDUnet 2003– Reykjavik, IS Now for the “Good Stuff” (as time permits) Guerilla/Stealth Operation –Own-agency problems getting ICM solicitation broadened –Key turning point: U.K. “Fat Pipe” (NSF, NASA, DARPA) –Other agency resistance/sniping “Partitioning” of Europe (connections) STAR TAP “One Country at a time” – Examples –Mongolia, Russia, Latin America, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Peru, Indonesia, T3/E3 London/Stockholm Partnerships and “Co-conspirators” –OAS, Soros, NORDUnet, CA*net/CANARIE