1. Chapter 4 Predication CSE 820

2. Michigan State University Computer Science and Engineering Go over midterm exam

3. Michigan State University Computer Science and Engineering Review Predicated instructions have a predicate which determines if the instruction will complete execution or become a NOP

4. Michigan State University Computer Science and Engineering Example if (A==0) A=B; else A= A+4; LDR1,0(R3);load A BNEZR1,L1;test A LDR1,0(R2);then clause JL2;skip else L1:DADDIR1,R1,#4 ;else clause L2:SDR1,0(R3);store A

5. Michigan State University Computer Science and Engineering Hoist Load if (A==0) A=B; else A= A+4; LDR1,0(R3);load A LDR14,0(R2) ;speculative load B BEQZR1,L3;other branch of if DADDIR14,R1,#4 ;else clause L3:SDR14,0(R3);store A What if speculative load raises an exception?

6. Michigan State University Computer Science and Engineering Guard if (A==0) A=B; else A= A+4; LDR1,0(R3);load A sLDR14,0(R2);speculative load BNEZR1,L1;test A SPECCK0(R2);speculative check JL2;skip else L1:DADDIR14,R1,#4 ;else clause L2:SDR14,0(R3);store A sLD does not raise certain exceptions; leaves them for SPECCK (IA-64).

7. Michigan State University Computer Science and Engineering Other exception techniques Poison bit: –applied to destination register. –set upon exception –raise exception upon access to poisoned register.

8. Michigan State University Computer Science and Engineering Hoist Load above Store If memory addresses are known, a load can be hoisted above a store. If not, … add a special instruction to check addresses before the loaded value is used. (It is similar to SPECCK shown earlier: IA-64)

9. Michigan State University Computer Science and Engineering Speculation: soft vs. hard must be able to disambiguate memory (to hoist loads past stores), but at compile time information is insufficient hardware works best when control flow is unpredictable and when hardware branch prediction is superior exception handling is easier in hardware trace techniques require compensation code compilers see further for better scheduling