1. Indian Earth Observation Programme
DVA Raghavamurthy
Director EOS
ISRO HQ, Bangalore
April 24, 2014 1

2. Indian EO Programme: The Uniqueness
Vibrant Space Segment: Constellation of Satellites
Resourcesat, Cartosat, Oceansat
Strong Ground Mechanisms
Institutional Framework: NNRMS…
Ground support: Enabling techniques
Diversity of Applications
Natural Resources: Land & Water
Infrastructure : Physical & Social
Livelihood : PFZ, Bharat Nirman
Disaster Management Support
Reaching to Community
Addressing Nation’s developmental priorities

3. THE EVOLUTION 25 Years since IRS-1A 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2005 2001
SARAL
INSAT-3D
2013
RISAT-1 : C-SAR
25 Years since IRS-1A
2012
2011
RESOURCESAT-2: LISS 3, LISS 4, AWiFS
MEGHA-TROPIQUES: SAPHIR, SCARAB & MADRAS
CARTOSAT-2B : PAN
2010
IMS-1: Mx, HySI
2009
RISAT-2 : X-SAR
CARTOSAT-2A : PAN
2008
2005
OCEANSAT-2: OCM, SCAT, ROSA
CARTOSAT-1: PAN stereo
2001
TES : PAN
2007
2003
CARTOSAT-2: PAN
1997
IRS-1D : LISS-3, PAN & WiFS
1999
RESOURCESAT-1 :
LISS 3; LISS 4; AWiFS
OCEANSAT-1 : OCM & MSMR
Thematic Satellites Series
Operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellites
National missions on various themes
GIS databases for decision support
Integrated mission for sustainable development
IRS utilisation prorgramme
Joint experiments programme
Bhaskara utilisation - first user programme
Landsat data utilisation - experimental applications
Landsat station – 1979
Coconut wilt - helicopter images
1995
1996
IRS-P3 : WiFS, MOS, X-Ray
IRS-1C : LISS-3, PAN & WiFS
1994
1991
IRS-P2: LISS- 2
IRS-1A : LISS-1 & 2
1988
IRS-1A : LISS-1 & 2

4. Indian Earth Observation (in-orbit satellites)
2012
RISAT-1
C-SAR
2007
CARTOSAT-2
PAN
(2 satellites)
2011
RESOURCESAT-2
LISS 3; LISS 4; AWiFS
2005
CARTOSAT-1
Stereo PAN, F/A
2003
RESOURCESAT-1
LISS 3; LISS 4; AWiFS
Land & Water
(6 satellites)
Cartographic
2013
INSAT-3D
IMAGER, SOUNDER
Ocean & Atmosphere
2009
OCEANSAT-2
OCM , SCAT, ROSA 11
2003
INSAT- 3A
VHRR, CCD
2013
SARAL
ALTIKA, ARGOS
2011
MEGHA-TROPIQUES
MADRAS, SAPHIR, SCaRaB
2002
KALPANA-1
VHRR

5. Resourcesat-1 / 2 (2003, 2011) Land and Water Resources applications
Natural Resources Mapping & Monitoring
AWiFS
LISS-4 Mx : 5.8m Resolution and 70 km swath
LISS : 23.5m Resolution and 141 km Swath
AWiFS : 56m Resolution and 740 km Swath
Repetitivity: 5 days (AWiFS) to 24 days (LISS 3) &
Revisit : 5 days (LISS 4) with tilting 26 deg tilt
LISS-III
LISS-IV

6. Large scale mapping and Cartographic applications
Cartosat-1 and 2 (2005, 2007)
Large scale mapping and Cartographic applications
Cartosat-1
2.5 m resolution, 30 km Swath
Stereo mission; +26° / -5° forward/ Aft view
Revisit : 5 days
Along Track Stereo viewing - first of its kind in the world
Cartosat-2
Swath (km) :
SNR :  180
IGFOV (m) :
SWR (%) :  10
Cartosat-2 Data Products
Handling of unique imaging modes
paint brush
multi-view in step and stare
spot scenes

7. Oceansat-2
A global mission, providing continuity of ocean colour data and wind vector in addition characterization of lower atmosphere and ionosphere from ROSA payload.
Global data acquisition of Ocean colour
High Resolution Data - NRSC and INCOIS
1 km resolution global products through NRSC Website
Global Chlorophyll, Aerosol Optical Depth through NRSC Website
3531 OCM data downloaded from NRSC Website
Scatterometer Wind Products
Reception Station at Svalbard
Real time transfer and processing
Uploading to Web within 3 hrs through EUMETCAST
1.72 Lakhs data downloaded from NRSC Website
Data Dissemination Mechanism
Established Ground station at INCOIS
Ground station at Bharti, Antarctica is being commissioned.
EUMETCAST, NRSC Website for data and products

8. Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1 )
Space borne SAR in C-band at 5.35 GHz
Single/ Dual / Quad Polarisation imaging with m Resolution & km Swath
Stripmap FRS-1 / FRS-2 (Range Doppler/ Chirp Scaling)
ScanSAR MRS & CRS (Range Doppler/Specan)
Spotlight (modified sub-aperture) modes.
FRS1/FRS2 MODE
HRS MODE
400 km (QUALIFIED)
200 km
608 km
100 km (UNQUALIFIED)
CRS MODE
MRS MODE
100 km (UNQUALIFIED)

9. SARAL: Satellite with Argos and Altimeter ISRO & CNES Collaboration
Altika/SARAL mission belongs to the global altimetry system for the precise and accurate observations of ocean topography, circulation and sea surface monitoring
ISRO & CNES Collaboration
Mission:
Sun-synchronous, polar orbiting satellite
Inclination: Deg.
Altitude: ~800 km
Repeat cycle: 35 days
Altika Payload:
Ka-band (35.75 GHz, BW MHz) radar altimeter
Dual-frequency microwave radiometer (23.8 & 37 GHz)
DORIS
Laser Retro-reflector Array
SARAL/AltiKA SSHA observation overpass over Indian Ocean on Feb 28, 2013 and SLA from POM model at 0.5 degree resolution.

10. … Future Satellites

11. CARTOSAT-2E Panchromatic camera: 0.65 m Multispectral: 2 m
No. of Bands: 4
Swath : 10 km
Radiometric Resolution: 11 bit
Steering up to ±26°/±45
Event Monitoring Cameras: 2 Nos. EVM1: Res:0.5m Area: 1km x 1km; EVM2: Res:0.4m Area: 0.3x 0.2km
Altitude: 500 km
Solid State Recorder: 600 Gb
Local time: 0930 hrs
Revisit : 5 days
TDI Technology
Operational life: 5 Years
Major Objectives
To provide continuity of on-going data services of CARTOSAT-2
To design and develop a highly agile and advanced satellite with high spatial resolution both in panchromatic and multi- spectral bands
To meet the increasing user demands for cartographic and cadastral level applications with improved revisit capability in tandem with Cartosat-2 missions.

12. CARTOSAT-3 Panchromatic camera; 0.25 m Multispectral (4 Bands): 1 m
Hyperspectral (200 Bands): 12 m
Swath : 16 km, 5 km (HySI)
Radiometric Resolution: 11 bit
Steering up to ±26° (±45° Possible)
Altitude: 450 km
Solid State Recorder: 2 Tb
Local time: 1030 hrs
Revisit : 5 days
TDI Technology
X and Ka Band Transmission
Operational life: 5 Years
Major Objectives
To design and develop an agile advanced satellite to obtain imagery with a very high spatial resolution of 0.25m Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) in panchromatic, 1m GSD in 4 band multi spectral; and selectable 12m GSD HySI with 50 VNIR bands or 12m GSD HySI with 150 SWIR bands with an operational life of 5 years.
To meet the increasing user demands for very high resolution Panchromatic, Multispectral and Hyperspectral imagery.

13. GEO IMAGING SATELLITE (GISAT-1)
Geostationary orbit of 36,000 km
Every 30 minutes observation over India
LAUNCH:
High resolution multi-spectral VNIR (HRMX-VNIR): 50m Resolution
Hyper spectral VNIR: 320m Resolution
Hyper spectral SWIR (HyS-SWIR): 192m resolution
High resolution Multi-spectral (HRMX-TIR): 1.5km Resolution

14. Ground Resolution (meters) Radiometric Resolution (bits)
RESOURCESAT-2A
Major Objectives
To provide continuity of on-going services of Resourecesat-2 and ensure in-orbit redundancy of the satellite
Increased frequency of observations in tandem with Resourecesat-2 during overlap period
To explore newer application areas in Land and Water Resources monitoring & management
LAUNCH:
Sensors
Spectral bands
Ground Resolution (meters)
Swath (km)
Radiometric Resolution (bits)
Repetivity
(days)
LISS-III
B2 B3 B4 B5
23.5
141 10 24
LISS-IV Mono
B2 or B3 or B4
5.8 70
LISS-IV MX
B2 B3 B4
23.5 or 70
AWiFS 56
740 12 5

15. OCEANSAT-3 Mission LAUNCH: 2017-18
OCEANSAT-3 is a global mission and is configured to cover global oceans and provide continuity of ocean colour data with global wind vector and characterization of lower atmosphere and ionosphere.
LAUNCH:
Objectives:
Continuity of ocean colour data with improvements to continue and enhance operational services like potential fishery zone and primary productivity.
To enhance the applications by way of simultaneous Sea Surface Temperature (SST) measurements, in addition to chlorophyll, using additional thermal channels, is envisaged in this mission.
Continuity of wind vector data through repeat of Scatterometer for cyclone forecasting and numerical weather modelling.
The mission, in tandem with Oceansat-2 (on availability), will improve the repetivity of ocean colour measurements to every 24 hour and wind vector measurements to every 12 hour.
Payloads:
An 13-band Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) in VNIR ( nm range) with 360 m spatial resolution and 1400 km swath for ocean Colour monitoring
2-band Long Wave Infra Red (LWIR) around 11 and 12 μm for Sea Surface Temperature (thermal channels) at 1080 m resolution.
A Ku-Band Pencil beam SCATTEROMETER with a ground resolution of 50 km x 50 km for Continuity of wind vector data for cyclone forecasting and numerical weather modelling 15

16. INSAT - 3DR 6 Channel IMAGER 19 Channel SOUNDER
Advanced weather satellite of India configured with improved Imaging System and Atmospheric Sounder
6 Channel IMAGER
Spectral Bands (µm)
Visible :
Short Wave Infra Red :
Mid Wave Infra Red :
Water Vapour :
Thermal Infra Red – 1 :
Thermal Infra Red – 2 :
Resolution : 1 km for Vis & SWIR
4 km for MIR & TIR
8 km for WV
LAUNCH: 2016
19 Channel SOUNDER
Spectral Bands (µm)
Short Wave Infra Red : Six bands
Mid Wave Infra Red : Five Bands
Long Wave Infra Red : Seven Bands
Visible : One Band
Resolution (km) : 10 X 10 for all bands
No of simultaneous : 4 sounding
per band

17. NISAR (DESDynI) LAUNCH: 2019-21 Major Objectives
Design, develop and launch Dual frequency (L and S Band) Radar Imaging Satellite
Explore newer application areas using L and S band microwave data, especially in surface deformation studies, terrestrial biomass structure, natural resources mapping & monitoring and studies related to dynamics of ice sheets, glaciers, forest fire, oil slick, etc.
I‐3K with Stowed Radar Payload in 4m GSLV Fairing

18. Satellite Navigation GAGAN: GPS & Geo-Augmented Navigation
INRESs
INMCC
GPS
GEO
INLUS
User
(Navigation
Payload)
GAGAN: GPS & Geo-Augmented Navigation
Augmentation of existing Global system: Improved Positioning Accuracies (from 30m to 6m)
Technology Demonstrator Ground segment completed; Two payloads in GSAT 8 & GSAT 10
IRNSS: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
Indigenous Regional System
Constellation of 7 satellites in GSO/ GEO
Reliable Position, Navigation & Timing services over India & its neighbourhood
First satellite launched in 2013
GSO
830
111.50
GEO
340
1320
550

19. Indian EO Scenario in near future
Resourcesat – 1
LISS III, LISS IV, AWiFS
Scatsat (2015)
Oceansat-3 (2018)
OCM, SCAT
INSAT-3DR (2015) Imager, Sounder
Cartosat-1
Resourcesat – 2
LISS III, LISS IV, AWiFS
INSAT-3D Imager, Sounder
Cartosat-2
RISAT-1A
C-band
GISAT-1 (2017)
MX, Hyperspectral, Thermal
Oceansat-2
OCM, SCAT, ROSA
Megha -Tropiques
SAPHIR, SCARAB & ROSA
RISAT-1
C-band
INSAT- 3A
VHRR, CCD
Cartosat-2E (2016)
0.65 m PAN, 2 MX
KALPANA-1
VHRR
Resourcesat -2A (2015)
LISS III, LISS IV, AWiFS
Cartosat-3 (2017)
0.25 m PAN, 1m MX, HYSI
SARAL
Altika & Argos
In-orbit
Approved
Considered
Resourcesat-3
LISS III, LISS IV, AWiFS

20. … Applications

21. Application Projects in Diversified areas Bio Resources & Environment
Agriculture & Soils
Bio Resources & Environment
Crop Production Forecast
Saline/ Sodic Soils mapping
Agro-Met Services & Disaster Surveillance (pest, floods, drought)
Horticulture development
Forest Cover & Type mapping
Wetland Inventory & Conservation plans
Biodiversity Characterization
Desertification Status mapping
Coastal, Mangroves, Coral related
Snow & Glacier studies
Geology & Mineral Resources
Cartography
Landslide Hazard Zonation
Mineral/ Oil Exploration, Mining Areas,
Seismo-tectonic Studies
Engineering & Geo-Environmental studies
GCP Library for IRS Data correction
Large Scale Mapping
Topo-map updation - Satellite-based
Digital Elevation Model (Carto-DEM)
Cadastral Level mapping
Ocean and Meteorology
Rural Development
Ocean Primary Productivity
Ocean State Forecast (OSF)
Storm Surge Modeling
Regional Weather prediction
Tropical Cyclones & Mesoscale studies
Extended Range Monsoon Prediction
National Drinking Water Mission
Wastelands Mapping/ Updation
Watershed Development & Monitoring
Land Records Modernization Plan

22. Application Projects in Diversified areas Climate Change Studies
Urban Development
Water Resources
Irrigation Infrastructure assessment
Water Resources Information System
Command Area/ Irrigation Performance Evaluation
Snow-melt Run-off Estimation
Reservoir Capacity Evaluation
Site Selection for Hydro-Power
Urban Sprawl Mapping of Major Cities
Master/ Structure Plans
Comprehensive Dev. Plans (CDP) of selected Cities/ Towns
Base Map generation for Towns
National Urban Information System
NR Census
Disaster Management Support
Periodic Inventory of Natural Resources under NR Census Programme:
Land use/ Land Cover, Soil, Geomorphology, Wetland, Land degradation, Snow & Glaciers, Vegetation
Operationally addressing various natural disasters like Flood, Cyclone, Drought, Landslide, Earthquake and Forest Fire
R&D Studies on Early warning Systems, Decision Support Tools
Climate Change Studies
Mapping the indicators, Monitoring the agents and Modelling the Impact
Characterisation of climate variables (Land, Atmosphere & Oceans)
Methane Emission, Timberline study, LU LC Change dynamics, etc.

23. … Ground Segment

24. Modest Beginning - Satellite Data Acquisition
NRSA established Earth Station Complex at Annaram Village, Shadnagar, 59 km from Balanagar in 1979 to receive Landsat Data
TERMINAL-1
(10M DIA)

25. 10 metre Antenna; L,S Bands 10 metre Antenna; S, X Bands
Earth Station at NRSC
1983
1987
1979
2004
10 metre Antenna; L,S Bands
10 metre Antenna; S Band
10 metre Antenna; S, X Bands
With Indigenous Feed
7.5 metre (Indigenous)
S, X Bands
2 x105 Mbps
LISS IV
7.5m Antenna, Dual
Polarisation X band
2007
2 x 320 Mbps
SAR
84 Mbps
LISS-2
2 x 84 Mbps
PAN
2011
Multi-mission IMGEOS
Four 7.5m antennae
Located at Shadnagar, 59 km from Hyderabad Established in 1979 with Landsat data reception
15 Mbps

26. Evolution of Data Product Generation
Landsat
30 Prod. /day
Processor Speed:
1.2 MHz
Memory : 56KB
IO: Unibus
Processing:
Rad/ Geo
Corrected
Product
Output Media:
CCT
(40 MB)
IRS-1A/1B
45 Prod. /day
Processor Speed:
5 MHz
Memory : 128KB
IO: Massbus
Processing:
System
corrected
Scene
Product
Output Media:
CCT/ Floppy
(40/1.44 MB)
IRS-1C/1D
50 Prod. /day
Processor Speed:
40 MHz
Memory : 16MB
IO: QBus
Processing:
System
corrected &
Geo referenced
Products
Output Media:
CCT /TapeCartdrige
(40/ 150MB)
IRS-1C/1D/P4
100 Prod. /day
Processor Speed:
400 MHz
Memory : 8GB
IO: PCI
Processing:
System
corrected,
Geo referenced
& value addition
Products
Output Media:
8mmDAT/CD
(4GB/ 700MB)
RS-1,2/C1,2/RISAT/OS
1000+ Prod. /day
Processor Speed:
3 GHz
Memory : 64GB
IO: PCI-E
Processing:
System & Terrain
corrected,
Geo referenced,
Orthorectified
& value addition
Products
Output Media:
DVD/USBDisk/FTP
(700MB/4.7GB/500+GB
Late ’70s
-Early’80s
Mid ‘80s
-Early’90s
Mid ’90s
Late’90s -2000

27. Trends in Data Dissemination
Offline user request placing (paper) to online request placing. (UOPS to IMGEOS)
Data utilization is increased from 2,000 products / year to 100,000 products / year
Turn around time decreased from
10 days to 1 hour
Mode of dispatch from
Tape to CDROM to FTP
Change from the photo products to digital environment
Improved Location accuracies and radiometric resolution
Reduction in data pricing to the users
Free downloads ~ 2,00,000
Satellite Data Dissemination
SLASH IN DATA PRICING

28. Antarctica Ground Station
Salient Points
Station at Bharathi (Larsmann Hills)
1 Communication & 2 RS Terminals
Budget: 46 Cr
Visibility advantage ( out of 14 passes/ day)
Remote Ops from NRSC Earth Station
Configuration
7.5 m diameter antenna with G/T of 31dB/°K (including Radome Loss )
200 W SSPA for Communication terminal
10 Mbps satellite link for data transfer
TTC operations
Upgradability for future Missions

29. ISRO’s Multilateral Cooperation
International Charter Space and Major Disasters - Initiated by CNES and ESA; ISRO joined in 2002
Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF’s) Sentinel Asia
UNCOPUOS - Long term sustainability of Space activities
International Astronautical Federation (IAF) - India hosted the 58th IAF Congress in 2007
International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) – Regional Chapter
Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) – India hosted the Scientific Assembly in 2012 at Mysore
Committee on Earth Observation (CEOS) – Plenary in October 2012 at Bangalore
Space System for the Search of Vessels in Distress (COSPAS) - Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) System

30. Major contributions of India to GEO activities
Participation in Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) Societal Benefit Areas (SBAs)
Support to GEOSS Data Sharing Principles and co-chairing the Data Sharing Task Force (DSTF) – contributing data from Indian satellites
Secretariat for Global Agricultural Monitoring (GEO Task AG-07-03a)
Participation in Virtual Constellation of Satellites

31. Data Sharing by ISRO
Major data sharing from ISRO is under the initiatives of:
International Disaster Charter
Sentinel Asia initiatives with many countries
Oceansat-2 OCM, Scatterometer
Global Chlorophyll-a image for January 2010
Web Portal of ISRO
Indian Data portals for sharing of data:
MOSDAC
NNRMS - NRDB
BHUVAN …

32. Major contributions of ISRO to CEOS
ISRO Chaired the CEOS 12th Plenary & 26th Plenary and hosted its Plenary in Bangalore in 1998 and 2012
Hosted the Working Group on Information System and Services (WGISS) meeting in 1997 and 2012
Hosted Working Group on Calibration and Validation (WGCV) in 2012
ISRO Chaired the CEOS Working Group on Education and Training (WGEdu) and defined its strategy
Support to CEOS data handbook
Co-chaired the Land Surface Imaging Study Group
Recent contribution:
Calibration and validation of ISRO satellite data through WGCV Cal/Val experiments using international well characterized sites)
7 Virtual constellation of satellites – support to 5 Virtual constellation through 5 EO satellite instruments
Support to global initiatives like Global Forest Observation Initiative, G20 Global Agricultural Monitoring”, Geohazard Supersites
Data for filling the gaps for geophysical parameters.
Capacity building support for WGCapD
Contribution to UNFCCC, Rio+20

33. Major contributions of ISRO to WGEdu / WGCapD
13th CEOS Plenary meeting in November 1999 held at Stockholm formed the CEOS Working Group on Education and Training (WGEdu) with ISRO as its Chair and UNOOSA as vice chair
Organised its first meeting of WGEdu at IIRS, Dehradun, India
Prepared the 3 year action plan for implementing WGEdu strategy
Organised the international workshop on EO Education/Training jointly by ISRO/CEOS-WGEdu and UN-CSSTE-AP in IIRS, Dehradun, India
Participated in the first meeting of WGCapD in Brazil

34.
Thank You