1. Research Implementation Management Disciplinary impact Research Research-implementation gap Knight et al (in prep) Conservation assessments in the primary literature: 1998-2002 (n = 65) 6% implementation on-the-ground 23% implemetation in theory 71% no mention of implementation

3. Operational Model for Conservation Planning Strategy Mainstreaming Social Assessment Biophysical Assessment Opportunities and Constraints Learning Organization Adaptive Management Implementation Local Regional Spatial Scale Informed Involved Empowered Stakeholder collaboration AssessmentPlanningManagement Project Phase Representation (Conservation Value) Retention (Vulnerability) Persistence (Resilience) Conservation goal

6. Rouget, Cowling et al (2006) Cons Biol 20, 408-419.

7. Pierce, Cowling et al (2005) Biol Cons 125, 441- 458.

8. Operational Model for Conservation Planning Strategy Mainstreaming Social Assessment Biophysical Assessment Opportunities and Constraints Learning Organization Adaptive Management Implementation Local Regional Spatial Scale Informed Involved Empowered Stakeholder collaboration AssessmentPlanningManagement Project Phase Representation (Conservation Value) Retention (Vulnerability) Persistence (Resilience) Conservation goal

9. Defining and doing mainstreaming …involves the integration of biodiversity values and goals…into economic sectors Spread the burden and benefits…form partnerships… devise ’win-win’ scenarios Change behaviour by creating institutions that bind actors Interventions may happen at all scales of organization and geography – employ the ‘nutcracker’ approach Easier to achieve in some situations than others Defining outcomes needs attention

10. Sector Prerequisites Stimuli Mechanisms Outcomes MAINSTREAMING

11. Elements associated with three components of a mainstreaming framework PrerequisitesStimuliMechanisms Democratic and accountable governance Awareness and knowledge Organizational and institutional capacity Improved governance Resource decline Socio-economic incentives Effective communication Strengthening organizational and institutional capacity Enabling legislation and policy

12. Constraints Behaviour: awareness, knowledge and pro-nature Values doesn’t lead to behaviour change Poor governance Weak capacity of organizations and institutions Lack of scientific know how Dwindling awareness

13. Conclusions Don’t underestimate the difficulties of achieving mainstreaming in the context of a market-driven perpetual-growth economy Making biodiversity the mainstream will require innovation, flexibility, opportunism, reflection and patience