1. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 20051 Activities at LANL in the Field of High Power Superconducting Proton Linac Structures T. Tajima and F.L. Krawczyk Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) LA-UR-05-3224

2. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 20052 Outline 1.Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) Project –100-170 MW (1.0-1.7 GeV, 100 mA) Proton Linac –Measurements of  =0.64, 5-cell 700 MHz elliptical cavities 2.Advanced Accelerator Applications (AAA) Project (Transmutation of Nuclear Waste) –8 MW (600 MeV, 13.3 mA) Proton Linac –Measurements of  =0.29 (ANL) and 0.175 (LANL) spoke cavities 3.Q 0 disease with low-  cavities

3. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 20053 1.Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) Project Purpose: Replenish Tritium Inventory for Nuclear Weapons (3 kg/year) Method: Using spallation neutrons produced by a proton accelerator, split Lithium into Tritium and Helium.

4. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 20054 700 MHz SRF Section Specs  0.640.82 E acc (MV/m)5.54.1 (6.4) Real estate E acc 1.541.26 (1.89) E peak (MV/m)19.112.7 (19.1) No. Cavities90312 Aperture (cm)1316 Aperture/(rms- beam size) 3545 Thermal load @ 1.9 K (kW) 2.06.1 (9.2) Numbers in parentheses are for 1.7 GeV case

5. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 20055 APT  = 0.64, 700 MHz, 5-Cell Cavity Cavity length : 116 cm Cell diameter : 40 cm Beam aperture : 13 cm E p /E acc = 3.38 H p /E acc = 69.6 Oe/(MV/m)

6. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 20056 Facilities for SRF Activities at LANSCE 43 m High-pressure rinse in a clean room. 240 m 2 Class-100 Clean room Ultra-pure water system with 5700 liter storage tank Cryostat with movable radiation shield 2 Inserts for 0.96 m diameter, 3 m deep cryostat Control, tuning 30 m Pumps to pump down the cryostat to < 2 K

7. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 20057 Results of 6 Prototype Cavities at 2 K. Defects, field emission and MP(?) limited performance. Defect at the middle cell equator  =0.64 Calculated MP band by W. Hartung APT Goal 835 Oe 40 E pk Half the cavities were measured by Jlab as well (J. Mammosser).

8. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 20058 Fitting of an Rs-T curve with the theoretical formula gives you R res. In this case, R res was determined to be 6.4 n  Cavity: Sylvia

9. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 20059 Comparison with TESLA Cavities Difference of E p /E acc and H p /E acc. Difference of . APT(0.64) vs. TESLA (1). –It might be more susceptible to multipacting (MP) due to the squeezed shape APT cavity shape is not well optimized!

10. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200510 Comparison with TESLA Cavities TESLA 500TESLA 800 Best TESLA 9-Cell Cavity E acc *: H p /E acc =42.6 was used. APT APT results (E acc ) were converted to TESLA equivalent numbers for comparison. 2 K

11. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200511 Issues that need to be addressed The APT Goal was achieved, but we need to achieve higher gradients for future machines to further reduce costs. Q 0 drops at medium and high gradient due to Multipacting (?) and Field emission. Measures to take –MP free design of the cavity with MP codes. –Thermometry and other diagnostics for detecting heating spots to localize and identify the problem. –Improve contamination control during assembly to reduce field emission due to migrated particles.

12. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200512 2.Advanced Accelerator Applications (AAA) Project Purpose: Transmutation of Nuclear Waste, i.e., reduce life of nuclear waste by about 2 orders of magnitude to <500 years. Method: Accelerator-Driven System.

13. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200513 Spoke Cavity Development for Low-Energy Sections of Proton Linacs Studies have been carried out at ANL since late ’80s (Jean Delayen, Ken Shepard) Some advantages over elliptical cavities –Compact (~1/2 diameter of elliptical cavities for the same frequency) –Due to the lower frequency it can be operated at 4 K –Mechanically stable –Larger velocity acceptance

14. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200514 Tests on ANL  = 0.29, 340 MHz, 2-gap Spoke Cavity Cell diameter : 44.2 cm Cavity length : 30 cm Beam aperture : 3.2 cm E p /E acc : 3.18 H p /E acc : 85 Oe/MV/m Previous tests at ANL showed field emission and limited at E acc ~5 MV/m BCP ~100 micron and 1000-psi (~70 bar) HPR in a class-100 clean room were performed at LANL

15. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200515 Vertical Test Results of ANL  =0.29, 340 MHz, 2-Gap Spoke Cavity 2 K 4K AAA Goal E p 40 MV/m H p 1063 Oe

16. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200516 AAA  =0.175, 350-MHz, 2-Gap, Spoke Cavity Cell diameter : 39.2 cm Cavity length : 20 cm Beam aperture : 5 cm E p /E acc : 2.82 H p /E acc : 69 Oe/MV/m Two cavities were fabricated at ZANON, Italy.

17. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200517 Vertical Test Results of LANL  =0.175, 350-MHz, Spoke Cavities  With Nb blank flanges on large radial ports The second EZ02 test was done after disassembly and high- pressure rinse. E acc, max = 13.5 MV/m E p, max = 38.0 MV/m H p, max = 994 Oe Details in PAC03 Proceedings. 4 K Thoroughly cleaned with high-pressure water rinse after BCP.

18. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200518 Very high gradients are not useful for low-  structures due to longitudinal envelope instability [ T.P. Wangler and K.R.Crandall, Spoke Cavity Workshop, Los Alamos, Oct. 7-8, 2002.] Our longitudinal beam-dynamics design approach has been to keep  0 <90° and minimize the focusing period. The cryomodules form piecewise constant FODO lattices where each period contains one cavity and one solenoid. For 350-MHz proton linac in  range of 0.2 to 0.5 (20 to 150 MeV) we could use cavity gradients up to about 8 MV/m without longitudinal beam- dynamics problems.

19. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200519 Some questions that need to be answered. What is the experimentally (practically) achievable H p at 4 K? It has been ~1800 Oe at 2 K with TESLA cavities. (Due to the decrease of H c with lower temperature, i.e., ~14 % from 4 K to 2 K, and the better thermal conductivity of liquid He at T<2.17 K (Lambda point), it is expected that the achievable field is higher at 2 K. ) Are there any difference between elliptical and spoke cavities in terms of the field limitations? It has been shown for spoke cavities that the maximum fields are almost the same at 4 K and 2 K, whereas some elliptical cavities have shown much better results at 2 K than at 4K.

20. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200520 3. Q 0 disease with low-frequency cavities (tests with 350 MHz spoke cavities) Q 0 disease is a degradation of Q 0 due to niobium hydrides (T c ~1.2 K?) precipitated on the surface from bulk during slow cooldown by holding the cavity at medium temperatures (70-150 K, worst at ~100 K). It had been said before our tests that low frequency cavities (<500 MHz) do not show it. A systematic Q disease tests have been carried out with our 350 MHz spoke cavities –Spoke cavities made of RRR~250 Nb. –Original H contest is unknown. –No high temperature heat treatment. (<150 °C) –Standard BCP (HF:HNO 3 :H 3 PO 4 =1:1:2) ~150  m at <15°C

21. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200521 Q 0 – E acc Curves were taken after every 12 hours of holding at 100 K

22. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200522 Q 0 Dependence on the Holding Time at 100 K

23. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200523 Additional Surface Resistance Due to Q disease

24. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200524 Summary of the Q disease tests With our 350-MHz spoke cavities, little Q disease occurs after 150-  m BCP, up to ~24 hours of holding time at ~100 K. Holding the cavity for longer time causes Q disease. The additional surface resistance due to the Q disease increases linearly after the increase starts. Q disease disappears if the cavity is warmed up to 180 K.

25. HPSL Workshop, Naperville, May 22-24, 200525 Summary Six  =0.64 700-MHz 5-cell cavities were prototyped and all of them exceeded APT specs, but needs better design in terms of optimum H p /E acc and MP, and further particulate contamination control to get higher gradients Two  =0.175 350-MHz single-spoke spoke cavities were prototyped and both of them showed similar results and exceeded AAA specs. It was found that Q 0 disease occurs with our 350-MHz spoke cavities, but it does not occur if cooled down within 24 hours.