1. The
American
Revolution:

2. Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]
Ethan Allen
Benedict Arnold
Henry Knox
Trying to get Canada to support the American cause

3. The British suffered over 40% casualties.
Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40% casualties.

4. Loyalist
Strongholds

5. Washington’s Headaches
Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].
State/colony loyalties.
Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.
Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

6. Military Strategies The Americans The British
Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].
Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]
Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.
Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.
Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.
“Divide and Conquer”  use the Loyalists.

7. The Battle for New York August 1776
Seek to Control the ports for trade
Washington retreats to White Plains, NY
British hold New York until end for war

8. New York City in Flames (1776)

9. Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851
The Battle of Trenton

10. The Battle of Trenton Washington’s Plan: 2,400 troops
The entire Hessian force was captured
Only 5 colonial soldiers killed
Attacked and won Princeton – settled into Morristown, NJ for rest of winter

11. Phase II:
NY & PA [ ]

12. British Counterattack
a. September 1777 – Brandywine Creek and fall of Philadelphia
c. October 1777, Battle of Germantown
d. Retreat to Whitemarsh and then Valley Forge

13. Counterattack Continued
The Northern Campaign Plan – Burgoyne on the move!
a. Plan is for Burgoyne and Col. Barry St. Leger to attack South from Canada while Howe attacks North from NY
b. American’s retreat slows Burgoyne
c. Burgoyne’s desperation and mistakes helps America

14. Saratoga-Sept/Oct, 1777 “Turning Point” of the War
Burgoyne Gates,
Biggest American victory thus far
Feb France formal alliance
Supplies, troops, money, and NAVY from French

15. More Foreign Allies Spain joined war as France’s ally
Netherlands (1780)
c. Prior to formal alliance
Marquis de Lafayette-France
Johann de Kalb-Prussia
Thaddeus Kosciusko-Poland
Friedrich Von Steuben-Prussia
Bernardo de Galvez-Spain

16. Washington’s Hardships during War
Horrible winter at Valley Forge
sheer determination
of Americans to fight at all costs
Lack of financial support from
Congress
British blockade – economic distress
Inflation hurt the American colonists’
ability to buy goods

17. Fighting Turns West
Howe abandons Philadelphia, heads north, Battle of Monmouth
Heavy casualties
Major defeat for Howe
American Colonel George Rogers Clark
Helps capture Brit. Posts in Indiana and IL
Feb. 1779, Clark gets Native American help to take Fort Vicennes in Indiana
Victory strengthens claims to Ohio River Valley
American General Nathaniel Greene takes over command in the South

18. Phase III: The Southern Strategy [beginning in 1779 and for the next 3 years]

19. Loyalist
Strongholds

20. Britain’s “Southern Strategy”
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
British Royal Navy seize Savannah, GA, and Charleston, SC
Southern Phase vicious – Americans pitted against Americans
Guerilla Warfare
“We fight, get beat, rise, and fight again”
The “Swamp Fox”
Daniel Morgan

21. The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Rochambeau
Admiral De Grasse

22. The Battle of Yorktown Washington and Rochambeau
French Navy with Adm. De Grasse
Early October 1781, Washington, Rochambeau, and Lafayette meet up, and besiege Cornwallis on October 2nd.
De Grasse's naval forces turned back British ships coming to Cornwallis's rescue and thereby prevented Cornwallis's escape or his reinforcement.

23. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown October 19, 1781
“The World Turned Upside Down!”
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

24. The American Rattlesnake
Two Armies I’ve thus Burgoyn’d and room for more I’ve got behind
An apartment to let for military gentlemen
Britons within the Yankeean Plains , Mind how ye March and Trench, The Serpent in the Congress reigns, as well as in the French!

25. What
did the British
Lose???

26. The Treaty of Paris 1. England recognized American independence
2. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River
3. Mississippi R. became western border b/w
4. Navigation on river was open to Americans and British citizens
5. Florida was returned to Spain and the border between Florida and America was set
6. Britain removed all troops from American territory
7. Congress pledged to recommend to states that rights/property of Loyalists be restored

27. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

28. New Problems to deal with
Washington resigned from the army and gave command over to Congress
Most Americans saw themselves as individual states, not a unified nation
* Federalist vs. Anti-federalist
Without a strong central government and no one left to handle the debt America was in
50 million in debt
States did not feel they had to pay off a “national debt”

29. Wholesale Price Index: 1770-1789

30. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War