1. Information and Communication Technology ( ICT )

2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Brief History of Computer
Early Developments in Electronic Data Processing
Computer Generations

3. Objectives:
To be familiar with the history, and the developments of computing devices.

4. The Earliest Computing Devices
Brief History of Computer
The Earliest Computing Devices

5. The earliest data processing equipment were all manual - mechanical devices due to the absence of electricity and adequate industrial technology.

6. ABACUS ( 300 B.C. by the Babylonians )
The abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations. Its only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing the calculation.
The abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations. Its only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing the calculation. A skilled abacus operator can work on addition and subtraction problems at the speed of a person equipped with a hand calculator (multiplication and division are slower). The abacus is often wrongly attributed to China. In fact, the oldest surviving abacus was used in 300 B.C. by the Babylonians. The abacus is still in use today, principally in the far east. A modern abacus consists of rings that slide over rods, but the older one pictured below dates from the time when pebbles were used for counting (the word "calculus" comes from the Latin word for pebble).

7. A very old Abacus

8. ABACUS
A more modern abacus. Note how the abacus is really just a representation of the human fingers: the 5 lower rings on each rod represent the 5 fingers and the 2 upper rings represent the 2 hands.

9. John Napier ( 1550 – 1617 )
John Napier is best known as the inventor of logarithms. He also invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics.
Napier's birthplace, Merchiston Tower in Edinburgh, Scotland, is now part of the facilities of Edinburgh Napier University. After his death from the effects of gout, Napier's remains were buried in St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh.

10. NAPIER'S BONES
In 1617 an eccentric Scotsman named John Napier invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained from a printed table. But Napier also invented an alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks.

11. An original set of Napier's Bones [photo courtesy IBM]

12. A more modern set of Napier's Bones

13. William Oughtred ’s Slide Rule
William Oughtred and others developed the slide rule in the 17th century based on the emerging work on logarithms by John Napier.

14. Slide Rule

15. TRIVIA!!!!
Napier's invention led directly to the slide rule, first built in England in 1632 and still in use in the 1960's by the NASA engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs which landed men on the moon.

16. Blaise Pascal
In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at the age of 19, he invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculator (it could only add) but couldn't sell many because of their exorbitant cost and because they really weren't that accurate (at that time it was not possible to fabricate gears with the required precision).

17. Pascaline or Pascal Calculator
It can be called “Arithmatique Machine”
The first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used.
It was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by manipulating its dials.
In Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculator (it could only add) but couldn't sell many because of their exorbitant cost and because they really weren't that accurate (at that time it was not possible to fabricate gears with the required
precision).
Pascal was a French mathematician and philosopher. Pascal did considerable research with regard to the pressure of liquids. He explained principle that described how a liquid in a vessel carried pressure equally in all directions. This came to be known as Pascal's Law, and had importance in the field of hydraulics. Pascal's interest in calculating may have come from a desire to assist his father with the numerous calculations required in his job as Superintendent of Taxes. In about 1642, Pascal developed a calculator called the "Arithmatique" or "Pascaline."
Pascal's device used a series of toothed wheels, which were turned by hand and which could handle numbers up to 999, Pascal's device was also called the "numerical wheel calculator" and was one of the world's first mechanical adding machines.

19. A 6 digit model for those who couldn't afford the 8 digit model

20. A Pascaline opened up so you can observe the gears and cylinders which rotated to display the numerical result

21. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (July 1, 1646 – November 14, 1716)
A German mathematician and philosopher. He occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.

22. Stepped Reckoner
The Step Reckoner (or Stepped Reckoner) was a digital mechanical calculator invented by German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and completed in 1694.
The Step Reckoner (or Stepped Reckoner) was a digital mechanical calculator invented by German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and completed in 1694.

23. Stepped Reckoner Just a few years after Pascal, the German Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz (co-inventor with Newton of calculus) managed to build a four-function (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) calculator that he called the stepped reckoner because, instead of gears, it employed fluted drums having ten flutes arranged around their circumference in a stair-step fashion. Although the stepped reckoner employed the decimal number system (each drum had 10 flutes), Leibniz was the first to advocate use of the binary number system which is fundamental to the operation of modern computers. Leibniz is considered one of the greatest of the philosophers but he died poor and alone
Stepped Reckoner

25. Joseph Marie Jacquard (7 July 1752 – 7 August 1834)
A French weaver and merchant. He played an important role in the development of the earliest programmable loom (the "Jacquard loom"), which in turn played an important role in the development of other programmable machines, such as computers.

26. The Jacquard Loom
A mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard, first demonstrated in 1801, that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask and matelasse. The loom was controlled by a "chain of cards", a number of punched cards, laced together into a continuous sequence.
Joseph Marie Jacquard

27. Jacquard's Loom showing the threads and the punched cards

28. By selecting particular cards for Jacquard's loom you defined the woven pattern

29. A close-up of a Jacquard card

30. This tapestry was woven by a Jacquard loom

31. Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871)
By 1822 the English mathematician Charles Babbage was proposing a steam driven calculating machine the size of a room, which he called the Difference Engine. This machine would be able to compute tables of numbers, such as logarithm tables.
By 1822 the English mathematician Charles Babbage was proposing a steam driven calculating machine the size of a room, which he called the Difference Engine. This machine would be able to compute tables of numbers, such as logarithm tables. He obtained government funding for this project due to the importance of numeric tables in ocean navigation. By promoting their commercial and military navies, the British government had managed to become the earth's greatest empire. But in that time frame the British government was publishing a seven volume set of navigation tables which came with a companion volume of corrections which showed that the set had over 1000 numerical errors. It was hoped that Babbage's machine could eliminate errors in these types of tables. But construction of Babbage's Difference Engine proved exceedingly difficult and the project soon became the most expensive government funded project up to that point in English history. Ten years later the device was still nowhere near complete, acrimony abounded between all involved, and funding dried up. The device was never finished.

32. Babbage’s Differential Engine
Designed to automate a standard procedure for calculating roots of polynomials

33. A small section of the type of mechanism employed in Babbage's Difference Engine

34. The Analytical Engine
It was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician Charles Babbage.

35. Babbage’s Analytical Engine
2 main parts: the “Store” where numbers are held and the “Mill” where they were woven into new results

36. Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace (10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852)
English mathematician and writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general purpose computer, the Analytical Engine.
Her notes on the engine include what is recognised as the first Algorithm intended to be processed by a machine. Because of this, she is often described as the world's first computer programmer.
Referred to as the “First Programmer”

37. Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929)
An American statistician and inventor who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data. He was the founder of the Tabulating Machine Company that later merged to become IBM. Hollerith is widely regarded as the father of modern automatic computation.

38. Hollerith machine

39. Hollerith machine
The first automatic data processing system. It was used to count the 1890 U.S. census. Developed by Herman Hollerith, a statistician who had worked for the Census Bureau, the system used a hand punch to record the data as holes in dollar-bill-sized punch cards and a tabulating machine to count them. The tabulating machine contained a spring-loaded pin for each potential hole in the card. When a card was placed in the reader and the handle was pushed down, the pins that passed through the holes closed electrical circuits causing counters to be incremented and a lid in the sorting box to open.

40. More Detail
Each card was placed into this reader. When the handle was pushed down, the data registered on the analog dials.

41. Hollerith's Keypunch Machine
All 62 million Americans were counted by punching holes into a card from the census forms.

42. What a Concept in 1891
Imagine. Using electricity to count. The date on this issue of "Electrical Engineer" was November 11, The page at the top is a census form filled out by a census taker.

43. High Tech, 1890 Style
The beginning of data processing made the August 30, 1890 cover of Scientific American. The binary concept. A hole or no hole! (Image courtesy of Scientific American Magazine.)

44. Early Developments in Electronic Data Processing

45. Mark I developed by Howard Aiken at Harvard University
Howard Aiken began work on the Mark I at
Harvard University
 Mark I digital computer was completed in
1944
 Mark I official name was Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator.
 Mark I functions:
 Could perform arithmetic operations
 Could locate information stored in tabular form.
Processed numbers up to 23 digits longs and
could multiply three eight‐digit numbers in 1
second.
 It was not an electronic computer but as
rather an electromechanical one

46. Mark I Official name was Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator.
Could perform the 4 basic arithmetic operations.

47. ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
developed by John Presper Eckert Jr. and John Mauchly
1st large-scale vacuum-tube computer
ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator
 ENIAC was developed by Presper Eckert Jr.
aand John Mauchly from 1943 to 1946.
 It has 18,000 vacuum tubes and required the
manual setting of switches.
 It could perform 300 multiplications per
Second

48. EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Developed by John Von Neumann
a modified version of the ENIAC
employed binary arithmetic
has stored program capability
EDVAC is the modified version of ENIAC
 EDVAC – Electronic Discrete variable
automatic Computer
 EDVAC employs binary arithmetic
 John von Neumann invented the EDVAC

49. EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
built by Maurice Wilkes during the year 1949
one of the first stored-program machine computers and one of the first to use binary digits

50. UNIVAC Universal Automatic Computer
Developed by George Gray in Remington Rand Corp.
Manufactured as the first commercially available first generation computer.

51. IBM International Business Machines
By 1960, IBM was the dominant force in the market of large mainframe computers

52. IBM 650
built in the year 1953 by IBM and marked the dominance of IBM in the computer industry.

53. IBM 701
IBM’s 1st commercial business computer

54. Generations of computer
FEATURES OF FIRST GENERATION
1. Use of vacuum tubes
2. Big & Clumsy
3. High Electricity Consumption
4. Programming in Mechanical Language
5. Larger AC were needed
6. Lot of electricity failure occured
FEATURES OF SECOND GENERATION
1. Transistors were used
2. Core Memory was developed
3. Faster than First Generation computers
4. First Operating System was developed
5. Programming was in Machine Language & Aseembly Language
6. Magnetic tapes & discs were used
7. Computers became smaller in size than the First Generation computers
8. Computers consumed less heat & consumed less electricity
THIRD GENERATION FEATURES
1. Integrated circuits developed
2. Power consumption was low
3. SSI & MSI Technology was used
4. High level languages were used
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
1. LSI & VLSI Technology used
2. Development of Portable Computers
3. RAID Technology of data storage
4. Used in virtual reality, multimedia, simulation
5. Computers started in use for Data Communication
6. Different types of memories with very high accessing speed & storage capacity
FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
1. Used in parallel processing
2. Used superconductors
3. Used in speech recognition
4. Used in intelligent robots
5. Used in artificial intelligence
Generations of computer

59. FIRST GENERATION (1946-1959) Vacuum tube based
The use vacuum tubes in place of relays as a means of storing data in memory and the use of stored‐program concept.
It requires 3.5 KW of electricity per day to keep the vacuum tubes running
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.
There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period, characteristics. We've used approximate dates against each generations which are normally accepted.
Following are the main five generations of computers:
S.N.Generation & Description1First Generation The period of first generation: Vacuum tube based.2Second Generation The period of second generation: Transistor based.3Third Generation The period of third generation: Integrated Circuit based.4Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation: VLSI microprocessor based.5Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor basedFirst Generation
The period of first generation was
First generation of computers started with using vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organisations.
In this generation, mainly batch processing operating systems were used. In this generation, Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input & Output device were used.
There were machine codes and electric wired board languages used.
The main features of First Generation are:
Vacuum tube technology
Unreliable
Supported Machine language only
Very costly
Generate lot of heat
Slow Input/Output device
Huge size
Need of A.C.
Non-portable
Consumed lot of electricity
Some computers of this generation were:
ENIAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC
IBM-701
The use vacuum tubes in place of relays as a
means of storing data in memory and the use
of stored‐program concept.
 It requires 3.5 KW of electricity per day to
keep the vacuum tubes running
First Generation : Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. A magnetic drum,also referred to as drum, is a metal cylinder coated with magnetic iron-oxide material on which data and programs can be stored. Magnetic drums were once use das a primary storage device but have since been implemented as auxiliary storage devices.
The tracks on a magnetic drum are assigned to channels located around the circumference of the drum, forming adjacent circular bands that wind around the drum. A single drum can have up to 200 tracks. As the drum rotates at a speed of up to 3,000 rpm, the device's read/write heads deposit magnetized spots on the drum during the write operation and sense these spots during a read operation. This action is similar to that of a magnetic tape or disk drive.
They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers. While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers. Computer Programmers, therefore, use either high level programming languages or an assembly language programming. An assembly language contains the same instructions as a machine language, but the instructions and variables have names instead of being just numbers.
Programs written in  high level programming languages retranslated into assembly language or machine language by a compiler. Assembly language program retranslated into machine language by a program called an assembler (assembly language compiler).
Every CPU has its own unique machine language. Programs must be rewritten or recompiled, therefore, to run on different types of computers. Input was based onpunch card and paper tapes, and output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
Acronym for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, the world's first operational electronic digital computer, developed by Army Ordnance to compute World War II ballistic firing tables. The ENIAC, weighing 30 tons, using 200 kilowatts of electric power and consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes,1,500 relays, and hundreds of thousands of resistors,capacitors, and inductors, was completed in In addition to ballistics, the ENIAC's field of application included weather prediction, atomic-energy calculations, cosmic-ray studies, thermal ignition,random-number studies, wind-tunnel design, and other scientific uses. The ENIAC soon became obsolete as the need arose for faster computing speeds.
In electronics, a vacuum tube, electron tube (in North America), tube, or thermionic valve or valve (in British English) is a device controlling electric current through a vacuum in a sealed container. The container is often thin transparent glass in a roughly cylindrical shape. The simplest vacuum tube, the diode, is similar to an incandescent light bulb with an added electrode inside. When the bulb's filament is heated red-hot, electrons are "boiled" off its surface and into the vacuum inside the bulb. If the electrode—called a "plate" or "anode"—is made more positive than the hot filament, a direct current flows through the vacuum to the electrode (a demonstration of the Edison effect). As the current only flows in one direction, it makes it possible to convert an alternating current applied to the filament to direct current.

60. NAKAKALOKA!! Per Year : 1,470 KW Per Month : 122.5 KW
Per Day : 3.5 KW
Per Week : 24.5 KW
Per Month : KW
Per Year : 1,470 KW
NAKAKALOKA!!

61. Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used.
Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.

62. WHO INVENT THE VACUUM TUBES?
First invented by a British scientist named John A. Fleming in 1919, although Edison had made some dsicoveries while working on the lightbulb. The vacuum tube was improved by Lee DeForest.

63. Vacuum Tubes

65. The main features of First Generation are:
Vacuum tube technology
Unreliable
Supported Machine language only
Very costly
Generate lot of heat
Slow Input/Output device
Huge size
Need of A.C.
Non-portable
Consumed lot of electricity

66. Some computers of this generation were:
ENIAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC
IBM-701

67. SECOND GENERATION ( )
This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes.
In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
Second Generation
The period of second generation was
This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming language like FORTRAN, COBOL were used.
There were Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating system used.
The main features of Second Generation are:
Use of transistors
Reliable as compared to First generation computers
Smaller size as compared to First generation computers
Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers
Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation computers
Faster than first generation computers
Still very costly
A.C. needed
Support machine and assembly languages
Some computers of this generation were:
IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC 1108
Solid‐state components ( transistors and
diodes) and magnetic core storage formed
the basis for the second generation of
Computers
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
Second Generation : Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation computer. Transistor is a device composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a signal or opens or closes a circuit. Invented in 1947 at Bell Labs, transistors have become the key ingredient of all digital circuits, including computers. Today's latest microprocessor contains tens of millions of microscopic transistors.
Prior to the invention of transistors, digital circuits were composed of vacuum tubes, which had many disadvantages. They were much larger, required more energy, dissipated more heat, and were more prone to failures. It's safe to say that without the invention of transistors, computing as we know it today would not be possible.
The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube,allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper,more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages,which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.

68. WHO INVENTED THE TRANSISTORS?
The first transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories on December 16, 1947 by William Shockley (seated at Brattain's laboratory bench), John Bardeen (left) and Walter Brattain (right).

69. The main features of Second Generation are:
Use of transistors
Reliable as compared to First generation computers
Smaller size as compared to First generation computers
Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers
Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation computers
Faster than first generation computers
Still very costly
A.C. needed
Support machine and assembly languages

70. Some computers of this generation were:
IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC 1108

71. THIRD GENERATION ( )
Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors
A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.
Integrated solid‐state circuitry, improved secondary storage devices and new input/output devices were the most important advances in this generation. 
Third Generation
The period of third generation was
The third generation of computer is marked by the use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient.
In this generation, Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating System were used.
High-level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68, etc.) were used during this generation.
The main features of Third Generation are:
IC used
More reliable
Smaller size
Generate less heat
Faster
Lesser maintenance
Still costly
A.C. needed
Consumed lesser electricity
Support high-level language
Some computers of this generation were:
IBM-360 series
Honeywell-6000 series
PDP(Personal Data Processor)
IBM-370/168
TDC-316
Third Generation : Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
A nonmetallic chemical element in the carbon family of elements. Silicon - atomic symbol "Si" - is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust, surpassed only by oxygen. Silicon does not occur uncombined in nature. Sand and almost all rocks contain silicon combined with oxygen, forming silica. When silicon combines with other elements, such as iron, aluminum or potassium, a silicate is formed. Compounds of silicon also occur in the atmosphere, natural waters,many plants and in the bodies of some animals.
Silicon is the basic material used to make computer chips, transistors, silicon diodes and other electronic circuits and switching devices because its atomic structure makes the element an ideal semiconductor. Silicon is commonly doped, or mixed,with other elements, such as boron, phosphorous and arsenic, to alter its conductive properties.
A chip is a small piece of semi conducting material(usually silicon) on which an integrated circuit is embedded. A typical chip is less than ¼-square inches and can contain millions of electronic components(transistors). Computers consist of many chips placed on electronic boards called printed circuit boards. There are different types of chips. For example, CPU chips (also called microprocessors) contain an entire processing unit, whereas memory chips contain blank memory.
Semiconductor is a material that is neither a good conductor of electricity (like copper) nor a good insulator (like rubber). The most common semiconductor materials are silicon and germanium. These materials are then doped to create an excess or lack of electrons.
Computer chips, both for CPU and memory, are composed of semiconductor materials. Semiconductors make it possible to miniaturize electronic components, such as transistors. Not only does miniaturization mean that the components take up less space, it also means that they are faster and require less energy.

72. The main features of Third Generation are:
IC used
More reliable
Smaller size
Generate less heat
Faster
Lesser maintenance
Still costly
A.C. needed
Consumed lesser electricity
Support high-level language

74. WHO INVENT THE IC?
The idea of integrating electronic circuits into a single device was born, when the German physicist and engineer Werner Jacobi (de) developed and patented the first known integrated transistor amplifier in 1949 and the British radio engineer Geoffrey Dummer proposed to integrate a variety of standard electronic components in a monolithic semiconductor crystal in A year later, Harwick Johnson filed a patent for a prototype integrated circuit (IC).

75. Some computers of this generation were:
IBM-360 series
Honeywell-6000 series
PDP (Personal Data Processor)
IBM-370/168
TDC-316

76. FOURTH GENERATION (1971-1980) Very-large-scale integration (VLSI)
VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.
Fourth Generation
The period of Fourth Generation was
The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth Generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.
In this generation, Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating System were used.
All the higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE, etc., were used in this generation.
The main features of Fourth Generation are:
VLSI technology used
Very cheap
Portable and reliable
Use of PC's
Very small size
Pipeline processing
No A.C. needed
Concept of internet was introduced
Great developments in the fields of networks
Computers became easily available
Some computers of this generation were:
DEC 10
STAR 1000
PDP 11
CRAY-1 (Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)
Fourth Generation Present: Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits we rebuilt onto a single silicon chip. A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers,the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock radios to fuel-injection systems for automobiles.
Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors:
Instruction Set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.
Bandwidth: The number of bits processed in a single instruction.
Clock Speed: Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the processor can execute.
In both cases, the higher the value, the more powerful the CPU. For example, a 32-bit microprocessor that runs at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bitmicroprocessor that runs at 25MHz.
What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer - from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls - on a single chip.
Abbreviation of central processing unit, and pronounced as separate letters. The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the processor or central processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power,the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.
On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor.
Two typical components of a CPU are:
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.
The control unit, which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUI's, the mouse and handheld devices

77. Fourth Generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.
In this generation, Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating System were used.
All the higher level languages like C and C++, DBASE, etc., were used in this generation.

78. The main features of Fourth Generation are:
VLSI technology used
Very cheap
Portable and reliable
Use of PC's
Very small size
Pipeline processing
No A.C. needed
Concept of internet was introduced
Great developments in the fields of networks
Computers became easily available

79. Some computers of this generation were:
DEC 10
STAR 1000
PDP 11
CRAY-1 (Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)

80. FIFTH GENERATION Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.
Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial intelligence includes:
Games Playing: programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers
Expert Systems: programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)
Natural Language: programming computers to understand natural human languages
Neural Networks: Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains
Robotics: programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli
Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. In May,1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess match.
In the area of robotics, computers are now widely used in assembly plants, but they are capable only of very limited tasks. Robots have great difficulty identifying objects based on appearance or feel, and they still move and handle objects clumsily.
Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential rewards because it would allow people to interact with computers without needing any specialized knowledge. You could simply walk up to a computer and talk to it. Unfortunately, programming computers to understand natural languages has proved to be more difficult than originally thought. Some rudimentary translation systems that translate from one human language to another are in existence, but they are not nearly as good as human translators.
There are also voice recognition systems that can convert spoken sounds into written words, but they do not understand what they are writing; they simply take dictation. Even these systems are quite limited -- you must speak slowly and distinctly.
In the early 1980s, expert systems were believed to represent the future of artificial intelligence and of computers in general. To date, however, they have not lived up to expectations. Many expert systems help human experts in such fields as medicine and engineering, but they are very expensive to produce and are helpful only in special situations.
Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks, which are proving successful in an umber of disciplines such as voice recognition and natural-language processing.
There are several programming languages that are known as AI languages because they are used almost exclusively for AI applications. The two most common are LISP and Prolog.
What does Artificial Intelligence (AI) mean?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans. Some of the activities computers with artificial intelligence are designed for include speech recognition, learning, planning and problem solving.

81. Artificial intelligence includes:
Games Playing
programming computers to play games such as chess and checkers.

82. Expert Systems
programming computers to make decisions in real-life situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose diseases based on symptoms)

84. Natural Language
programming computers to understand natural human languages

85. Neural Networks
Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains

86. Robotics
programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory stimuli

87. REPORTER….

88. GUILLEN, ARTHUR GLENN

89. Thanks for Listening!!!

90. The first gear-driven calculating machine to actually be built was probably the calculating clock, so named by its inventor, the German professor Wilhelm Schickard in This device got little publicity because Schickard died soon afterward in the bubonic plague.

92. Original drawing taken from F
Original drawing taken from F. Seck (Editor) 'Wilhelm Schickard , Astronom, Geograph, Orientalist, Erfinder der Rechenmaschine', Tübingen, 1978