1. Organization of the Human Body
Chapter 1

2. The Study of anatomy and physiology has paralleled the development of cultures, religion, and technology.
Ancient civilizations such as the Maya and Incas are believed to have preformed surgeries
Imhotep, 2500 BC: recorded some of the earliest information on surgery
Aristotle, 500 BC: founder of comparative anatomy
Herophilus, 500 BC: “father of anatomy” described the diagnostic value of the pulse
Erasistratos, 500 BC: contributed to the understanding of the anatomy of the brain, and noted the difference between motor and sensory nerves

3. History of Anatomy and Physiology
Galen, year 0: “First Great Anatomist”, his writings remained unchallenged for 1500 years. Conformed his anatomic findings to theological principles
Andreas Vesalius, 1500: “Father of Modern Anatomy”, corrected Galen’s mistakes. Dissected human cadavers
Ambroise Pare’, 1500: “Greatest Surgeon of the 16th century”, first to ligate vessels to control bleeding after amputations

4. Terms
Anatomy: is the study of the structure and morphology of the body and its systems.
Physiology: is the study of the functions of the cells, tissues, and organs of the body
Pathophysiology: – is the study of disease and disorder of the human body. (Knowledge of anatomy and physiology is essential to understand these disorders.

5. Anatomic Position
When a person is in anatomic position, the body is erect and facing forward with arms supinated at the side and palms of the hands and feet facing forward.
Supine- face up, palms up
Prone- face down, palms down

6. Anatomic Position

7. Directional Terms Superior – toward the head
Inferior – toward the feet
Anterior – front
Posterior – back

8. Directional Terms cont.
Medial – toward the midline of the body
Lateral - toward the side of the body
Proximal – nearest the point of origin of one of its parts
Distal - away from the point of origin
Superficial- nearer the surface
Deep- farther away from the surface

9. Geometric Planes

10. Geometric Planes
The body is sectioned into imaginary geometric planes:
Saggital - divides the body or parts into right and left sides
Midsaggital (median plane)– divides the body into equal right and left sides
Transverse (horizontal plane)- divides the body or parts into upper and lower portions
Coronal (frontal plane)- divides the body or parts into anterior and posterior portions
Cross section – a transverse cut that is at angles to the long axis of the organ

11. Saggital

12. Transverse

13. Coronal

14. Reference Points
Reference points are used to identify key anatomic landmarks
Epicondyle
Condyle
Foramen
Fossa
Trocanter
Triangle of Calot
Hesselbach’s triangle
Trigone of bladder
Ligament of Treitz
Hepatic flexure
Splenic flexure

15. Quadrants
When making clinical diagnoses surgeons frequently use quadrants to indicate the area of bodily pain
RUQ – right upper quadrant
RLQ – right lower quadrant
LUQ – left upper quadrant
LLQ – left lower quadrant

16. Quadrants

17. Nine Regions
Two saggital planes and two transverse planes divide the abdomen into nine regions
Right Hypochondrium
Left Hypochondrium
Epigastrium
Right Lumbar
Left lumbar
Umbilical
Right iliac
Left iliac
Hypogastrium

18. Nine Regions

19. Major Body Cavities The body is divided into two major cavities:
Dorsal Cavity – Posterior division of the body. further subdivided into the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
Ventral Cavity – Anterior division of the body. further subdivided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

21. Body Cavities

22. Body Cavities Cranial cavity: contains the brain
Spinal Cavity: contains the spinal cord
The membranes that line the cranial and spinal cavities are called the meninges
Thoracic cavity: further subdivided into the…
mediastinum: esophagus , thymus gland, trachea
Pericardial cavity: contains the heart (within its pericardial sac)
Pleural cavities: contains the lungs
Abdominopelvic cavity: also called the peritoneal cavity is further subdivided into the…
Abdominal cavity: contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestines, and colon
Pelvic cavity: sigmoid colon, rectum, bladder, and internal reproductive organs

24. Diaphragm Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Is the most important muscle in breathing

25. Peritoneum
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
Parietal peritoneum: lines the wall of the abdominoplevic cavity
Visceral peritoneum: covers the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneal space: small space between the two layers, contains serous fluid and reduces friction

26. Mesentery
Mesentery: a fold of peritoneum that invests the intestines and attaches them to the posterior abdominal wall
Omentum : a double fold of peritoneum that is divided into the greater omentum and the lesser omentum
Greater omentum: attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach and hangs loosely downward covering the intestines
Attaches to the lesser curvature of the stomach and duodenum

27. Organization of the Human Body
The levels of organization progress from the least complex (chemical level) to the most complex (organism level)
Atoms and molecules are referred to as the chemical level

29. Organization of the Human Body
Cells are the smallest living units of structure and function in our body
Tissues are an organization of many similar cells
Organs are an organization of several different kinds of tissues

30. Organization of the Human Body
Systems are varying numbers and kinds of organs working together to perform complex functions
The body is a unified and complex assembly of interactive components

31. Body Systems A group of organs arranged to
perform a more complex function
There are 11 major organ systems in the human body:
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory (cardiovascular & peripheral vascular)
Lymphatic
Digestive
Respiratory
Genitourinary
Reproductive

32. Integumentary system Largest organ system which Includes: Skin
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Hair
Nails
Functions:
First line of defense
Protects underlying tissues and structures
Insulates
Regulation of body temperature
Cutaneous sensation
Detects Pressure
Contains sweat & sebaceous glands
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Absorption sigh for topical medications

33. Skeletal System Includes: Skeleton Ligaments Tendons Cartilage
Function:
Support
Providing basic body shape
Aids in movement of the body
Sight of hematopoeisis in red bone marrow
Stores fat in Yellow bone marrow
Protects internal organs
Tendons attach muscle to bone
Ligaments attach bone to bone
Cartilage allows articulation and attachment of bones to
other bones

34. Muscular System Includes: Skeletal muscle (Voluntary/striated muscle)
Smooth muscle (involuntary/non striated muscle)
Cardiac muscle
Function:
Movement
Maintains body posture
Heat production
Aids flow of blood through the body
Pushes food through the gastrointestinal tract (GI)
by way of parastalsis

35. Nervous system Includes: Brain Spinal cord Cranial nerves
Peripheral nerves
Functions:
Memory
Special senses
Receives and interprets sensory information from internal and external stimuli
Sends motor impulses

36. Nervous System cont.
CNS (Central nervous system): Consists of the brain and spinal cord
PNS (Peripheral nervous system): Comprises the nerves
*SNS (Somatic Nervous system): Cranial nerves connected the brain to the skin and skeletal muscle and initiate voluntary movements and responses
*ANS (Autonomic Nervous system): Cranial and spinal nerves connect the brain to visceral organs initiate involuntary responses
*Sympathetic: “fight or flight”
*Parasympathetic: Calms the body, conserves energy, restores homeostatic balance
Visceral: Internal organs

37. Endocrine system Includes: Pituitary gland (Master gland)
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Pancreas
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Testes
Ovaries
Functions:
Secretes hormones that affect metabolism and many functions
of the body
Target tissue: group of cells to be affected by a particular hormone
The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system.
The nervous system provides rapid response while the endocrine system
Provides slower response, but longer lasting results

38. Circulatory system Includes:
Cardiovascular system: Heart, coronary arteries, aorta, pulmonary arteries and veins, superior and inferior vena cava
Peripheral vascular system: All arteries, veins and capillaries outside of the heart
Functions:
Heart pumps to circulate blood
Blood transports oxygen to body cells
Blood transports waste for elimination
Blood transports hormones
Helps maintain normal body temperature

39. Lymphatic system Includes: Lymph fluid Lymph vessels Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Functions:
Lymphatic system also called the Immune system
Filters out microorganism and foreign body substances
Maintains fluid levels in interstitial spaces to prevent Edema
Absorption of fat in the intestinal tract
Edema: accumulation of excess fluid in interstitial spaces
Lymphocytes: cells of the lymphatic system

40. Digestive system Includes: Mouth Liver Teeth Gallbladder Tongue
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Gallbladder
Biliary duct system
Pancreas
Small intestine
Colon
Function:
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into simpler forms that can be used by body cells a energy
Transports food out of the body

41. Respiratory system Includes: Nasal cavity Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (wind pipe)
Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Function:
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and inhaled air

42. Genitourinary system Includes: Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra
Functions:
Maintains water & electrolyte balance
Filters blood removing waste
Elimination of waste and excess fluid through formation of urine

43. Female Reproductive System
Includes:
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Clitoris
External genitalia (vulva)
Breast
Functions:
Production of ova
Transportation of fertilized ova into uterus
Support developing embryo
Delivery of fetus
Milk production
Menstruation if ova is not fertilized
Formation of sex characteristics

44. Male Reproductive system
Includes:
Scrotum
Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands
Urethra
Penis
Function:
Production of spermatozoa
Responsible for transporting the spermatozoa into the female reproductive tract

45. Homeostasis !!!!
Homeostasis: is the coordination of all the various functions of the body to maintain a normal internal environment.