1. Workshop: Emissies schatten vanuit de ruimte
Bas Mijling, Ronald van der A
Emissiesymposium Lucht ● 17 juni ● Utrecht

2. Overzicht Meten van luchtvervuling uit de ruimte
Van concentraties naar emissies
NOx emissies in China en Zuid Afrika
Andere emissies
Conclusies en vooruitblik

3. Measuring air pollution from space

4. Atmospheric Composition
(Ar)
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Ozone (O3)
- Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
- ...
Samenstelling van droge lucht.
N2: 78%, O2: 20.9%, Ar: 0.9%.
De overige 0.1% bestaat uit sporegassen zoals CO2 (383 ppm), ozon ( ppm), NO2 (0.02 ppm)
CO2 is bekend van het broeikas-effect

5. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)
EOS Aura
satellite

6. Sun-synchronous Orbit
km altitude
Always same orientations towards sun:rotates eastward about 1 degree each day.
Each orbit experiences about 30 minutes darkness and 72 minutes sunlight
OMI local overpass time: 13:00
Daily global coverage

7. Measuring trace gases from space

8. spectral irradiance [W/m2/nm]
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
wavelength [nm]
spectral irradiance [W/m2/nm]

9. spectral irradiance [W/m2/nm]
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
wavelength [nm]
spectral irradiance [W/m2/nm]

10. ozone (O3) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) spectral irradiance [W/m2/nm]
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
wavelength [nm]
spectral irradiance [W/m2/nm]
nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

13. Air pollution from space

14. Air pollution from space

15. Air pollution from space
Shanghai
Beijing
Hong Kong

16. From concentrations to emissions

17. Basic tools
NO2
retrievals from
OMI and
GOME2
CHIMERE
0.25 °×0.25°

18. Chemical transport model
Meteorology
Emission inventory
Air pollution concentrations
Chemical transport model

19. Difference between simulation and observation...
simulated by model (2008) observed from space (2008)
Als je satellietobservaties kunt gebruiken voor emissiebepalingen, dan sla je twee vliegen in een klap:
Je kunt nauwkeuriger de luchtvervuiling simuleren (betere luchtkwaliteitsverwachtingen)
Je kunt emissiebronnen controleren (houden fabrieken zich wel aan de regels)
...mainly caused by wrong emissions

20. How to find emissions from concentrations?(
wind

21. Properties of DECSO* From concentrations to emissions
Takes transport into account enables high resolution (~2525 km2)
Relatively fast enables operational emission estimation
Emission updates by addition enables detection new hotspots enables relocation existing hotspots
NO2 retrievals from OMI or GOME-2
CHIMERE 0.25° x 0.25°
(A) DECSO is relatively fast: (1) Forward model run (2) Sensitivity calculation (3) Inverse with Kalman Filter (4) Emission update
(B) DECSO takes transport into account, enabling a high resolution (typically in order of satellite footprint)
(A) + (B): DECSO can be implemented operationally
Emission results downloadable at GlobEmission website
* Daily Emission estimates Constrained by Satellite Observations

22. NOx in China

23. Air pollution from space
Shanghai
Beijing
Hong Kong

24. Bevolkingsdichtheid China

25. Change in NO2 column densities over China
SCIAMACHY mean tropospheric NO2
2003
2006

26. China: Economic indicators
Average annual income per capita,
China’s electricity production,
GDP per capita in the Netherlands:
€ (2006)
China’s urbanization,
Number of vehicles in Beijing,
GDP in China still factor of 10 lower than in Europe.
Source: China Statistical Yearbook, China Daily (17/2/09)

27. Shanghai 1995
Shanghai 2010

28. Luchtvervuiling Beijing
17 miljoen inwoners; elk jaar nieuwe inwoners erbij
3.3 miljoen auto’s; elke dag 1000 nieuwe auto’s erbij
Zware industrie dicht bij de stad
Kolengestookte kachels en fornuizen

29. Beijing smog, januari 2013

30. Air quality measures No construction activities
Closure or translation of polluting industry
30% reduction coal-fired power plants
Ban high emission vehicles
Traffic system with odd/even number plate

32. Emission results China
original emissions new emissions
New power plants in Inner Mongolia
Distinct emissions along great rivers
No emissions in North Korea
Ship tracks

33. NOx emission trends Based on GOME-2 observations from 2007-2010
The results in this and following slides are based on 4 years of GOME-2 data ( ).
Almost all Chinese provinces show positive emission trends. Economic crisis and air quality measures cause an negative trend for Japan and South Korea.
The relative emission trends in (d) show that the fasted growing provinces are also in the interior. Is the economy of the interior catching up with the richer coastal provinces?
Based on GOME-2 observations from

34. The DECSO algorithm also provides information on source-receptor relations.
The colored areas show the NO2 column over North and South Korea, separated by its origin.
Red shows the monthly emissions (see right vertical axis)
Grey shows the part of the NO2 column with an age older than 24h (which is not tracked by the DECSO algorithm).
North Korea:
Only a small part of NO2 is emitted locally. Most is imported from South Korea (Seoul) and China (Shenyang)
South Korea:
Emission and concentration factor 10 larger.
NO2 concentrations mostly by local emission
However: substantial part comes from sea (light blue). Intensive shipping around the peninsula!

35. NOx in South Africa

36. South Africa: Emissions characterized by few hot spots (power plants, heavy industry)
Apriori emissions taken from EDGAR v4.2
Total emissions too low
Location and strength of hot spots generally wrong

37. EDGAR v4.2
low high
EDGAR v4.2
200 km

38. DECSO
low high
DECSO exp09_omi/crab2
200 km

40. Majuba power plant

41. Matimba power plant

42. vanadium mine

43. Sasol company
oil from coal

44. Biomass burning in Mozambique

45. Other species

47. CH2O (formaldehyde) by GOME-2

48. NMVOC from fire emissions

49. C5H8 (isoprene) emissions

50. PM2.5 / PM10 emissions by MODIS

51. NH3 by IASI
NH3 total column distribution above Europe (5-yr weighted mean from morning overpass)

52. Conclusions & Outlook

53. Emission estimation from space: Standing on the shoulders of giants
Inversion algorithm
Chemical transport modeling
Satellite retrievals

54. Current state Relative new technology: quality improving rapidly
Already giving useful complementary information for regions with unknown or outdated emissions
Urban scale
Monthly emission inventories

55. Shortcomings Not all species can be detected from space
Total emissions: difficult to infer sectorial contributions …

56. (Near) Future Better satellite observations
Switch from scientific to operational missions
TROPOMI (spatial resolution)
Geostationairy (temporal resolution)
Better chemical transport models
Better inversion algorithms

57. More information www.globemission.eu www.temis.nl www.tropomi.eu

58. Vragen?