1. Emissions in GEMS Data on emissions are needed for the 4 sub-systems GHG, GRG, AER and RAQ GEMS Project has dedicated tasks for emissions and surface fluxes parameterization - GHG-Task 1.3 - GRG-Task 2.9 - AER-Task 2 - RAQ-Task 2.4 Consistent data sets (between GHG, GRG and AER) are needed for emissions of common source origin (Anthropogenic, Biomass Burning) Consistency should also be observed between emission inventories used at a global and regional scale (between GRG- AER and RAQ systems) Different inventories exist for the same species Define criteria on temporal and spatial resolution but also on the quality of the data sets (accuracy, documentation, accessibility)

2. Current CO 2 surface fluxes in GEMS Anthropogenic emissions : Fossil Fuel burning, Cement Production and Gas Flaring Anthropogenic emissions : Fossil Fuel burning, Cement Production and Gas Flaring Estimates for 1995 (total 6.17 PgC/year), data base developed by the CDIAC Based on national statistics databases, density of population used to distribute the emissions ref. (Brenkert, 1998 ; Andres et al., 1996) Air-Sea CO2 exchange : Fluxes are based on Takahashi et al. (2002) climatology Air-Sea CO2 exchange : Fluxes are based on Takahashi et al. (2002) climatology Estimates are based on measurements of pCO2 in surface waters between 1960 and 1995 The annual oceanic uptake estimate is about -2.2 PgC/year Exchange with terrestrial ecosystem : NEP Estimates are taken from Randerson et al. 1997 using CASA (links remote sensing data, meteorological data and surface observations) Exchange with terrestrial ecosystem : NEP Estimates are taken from Randerson et al. 1997 using CASA (links remote sensing data, meteorological data and surface observations) The Net Ecosystem Production NEP = GPP - AR – HR Annually balanced terrestrial biosphere Biomass burning disturbances are not taken into account (4PgC/year = 7% of annual NPP) Note : Oxidation of reduced carbon species are taken into account implicitly in some of these estimations ; they are released at the surface rather than distributed in the atmosphere Plant respiration Soil components respiration NPP Photosynthesis

3. Aerosol sources For the introduction of aerosol processes in the ECMWF IFS, the initial emission fluxes and sources are taken from: –sea salt: Gong et al. (1997) –desert dust: INCA, Schulz et al. (1998), Guelle et al. (2000) –And other constituents from AEROCOM intercomparison data sets Organic matter: Bond and Streets (1996) Black carbon: Bond and Streets (1996), GFED Sulfate: IIASA, dGEIA, Guenter et al. (1994) Within GEMS-Aerosols, refinement of aerosol emission sources is dealt with in WP_AER2 > update and assimilation of the anthropogenic emission inventories of aerosol and its precursors > assimilation of information on wild fires > quantification of the wind-blown dust emission from desert areas > quantification of the wind-blown sea salt emission > sources of stratospheric aerosols

4. Emissions for GRG Many species (VOC) Different inventories exist at regional or global scale based on different methodologies or statistical data Inventories may overlap in space and time and may include similar data sets A compiled list of global and regional inventories is needed with a detailed content, reference years, space and time resolution starting base : - HALO paper on emissions (J. Flemming) - Finnish Meteorological Institute initiative VOC break down ? Discussion is needed for the datasets to be implemented

5. Emission inventory for Regional Air Quality across Europe Decide on a common emissions inventory for anthropogenic emissions, gases and particulate matter EMEP/CORINAIR inventory will be the basis for yearly totals and their historical evolution - Downscaling for a resolution of ~ 5 km -Temporal profiles on the diurnal, weekly and seasonal timescales

6. How important are emissions from Biomass Burning? Only in the two past decades have researchers realized the important contributions of biomass burning to the global budgets of many radiatively and chemically active gases, and elemental carbon particulates Estimates vary but biomass burning contributes up to: 10 % of CH 4 38% of tropospheric O 3 42% of BC (Bond et al., 2004) 74% of OC Fossil fuel 6.2 Pg C/yr Biomass burning 4 Pg C/yr (Andreae and Merlet 2001) Net effect uncertain

7. Biomass burning is a major source for greenhouse gases, reactive gases and aerosols Biomass burning can be observed from space Emissions from biomass burning are subject to high uncertainties, some investment is required to improve the quality of estimations Time resolution required for GRG and AER sub-projects have to be considered for the choice of data sets It is also important to prepare emission data supply for the operational phase of the assimilation system Biomass Burning emissions in GEMS

8. Emissions in GEMS - Outline Consistency in emission data sets should be achieved between the 4 sub-systems within GEMS A compiled list of emission inventories (present species, time and space coverage, resolution, quality) as a base for decisions Biomass burning emissions in GEMS ? Temporal resolution for GRG and AER What else?