1. Structure of the Earth
Chapter 3

2. Section 1 Layers of the Earth
Objectives:
Describe and compare the crust, mantle, and core
Describe the structure of the lithosphere
Explain why matter within the asthenosphere moves
Make a model of the earth and its layers

3. Skills Warm-up Layer by Layer
List different objects that are made up of layers.
Classify them based on number, type, and thickness of layers.
Do most of the objects contain soft or hard centers?

4. Earth’s Interior
Earth’s surface is made up of ______, ______, and _______
At one time, people thought earth might be ___________
In 1864, Jules Verne wrote “Journey to the Center of the Earth”
What do you think is between earth’s surface and its center?

5. Earth’s Interior
What would you find if you could bore a hole deep into the earth until you reached its center?
1. The _________ __________of the materials changes as you go __________
2. Materials increase in ________ as you go __________
3. __________ and _________ increase with depth, but at different rates
The way that these factors ________ in the earth’s interior produces ________ with different ________ __________ and different ________ __________

6. Layers of the Earth 3 Main Layers based on ___________ properties:
________ – outermost layer of the earth
________ – middle layer of the earth
________ – innermost layer of the earth

7. Activity
Watch parts of Journey to the Center of the Earth

9. Chemical Makeup of Layers
From _________ to _________:
Crust – contains rocky ________ (silicon/oxygen compounds) rich in _________ (Al), _______ (Fe), and ___________ (Mg)
Thickness varies from _______to _______
Mantle – dense, mostly _____ and ____ _________
Makes up ________ of Earth’s volume
Makes up ________ of Earth’s mass
Core – very dense, mostly two metals: ___ and ___

12. Physical Makeup of Layers
3 Main Layers based on ___________ ___________:
The _____________ includes the crust and outer mantle – it is strong, cold and rigid
The _____________ is just below in the mantle - it is hot, semi-liquid, and easily deformed (plasticity)
The ______________ (mantle) below the asthenosphere – very strong and rigid because temperature isn’t high enough

13. Physical Makeup of Layers
______ ______– liquid
Temperature overcomes pressure
Circulation of molten Fe is source of magnetic field?
______ ______– solid
Very high pressure overcomes high temperature

14. Physical Properties of Layers
____________________ deep inside the earth are ______ __________to melt the silicates and other substances that make it up
But, most of the earth’s interior is not ___________
Why????

15. Physical Properties of Layers
_________ inside the earth offset the high temperatures
_______ pressures will not allow the earth’s matter to _______

17. Physical Properties
_________ between __________ and ________ varies with depth of each of earth’s layers
Depending on this balance, matter can be ________, ________, or ___ _________
___________ – condition where the right balance of pressure and temperature makes _______ material _______ and ___________, but not completely liquid

18. Questions So Far Answer the following 10 questions on a sheet of paper and hand them in at the end of class (use your guided notes)
1. How thick is the crust and what does it contain?
2. What materials does the mantle contain?
3. How much of the earth’s volume does the mantle make up? How much of the earth’s mass?
4. Which layer is more dense, the mantle or the core? (Remember D = M/V)
5. What materials account for the density of the earth’s core?

19. Questions So Far
6. Based on their characteristic physical properties, what are the 5 zones of the earth?
7. What does the lithosphere include?
8. What is the hot, soft, and flowing condition of the asthenosphere called?
9. What is the physical condition of the outer core? Why?
10. What is the physical condition of the inner core? Why?

21. Skills Warm-up Crust: What objects besides the earth have crusts?
How are their crusts similar to and different from the earth’s crust?

22. Structure of the ____________
Two distinct parts:
___________ _______
Less dense because of higher percentage of silicon and oxygen, has more aluminum
Contains rocks called rhyolite and granite
More dense and darker in color
Contains rocks called basalt and gabbro
Which varies in thickness more?

23. Movement in the ______________
Material is ________ and ________ – like hot tar
Intense heat from Earth’s core causes this material to _____________
Matter ______ as it heats, then cools and slowly _______
The result – ___________, a circular flow of matter that is very slow, but has important effects!

24. Living on Oceanic Crust
Most oceanic crust is covered with _________
But many islands and the surface of some continents are made of oceanic crust
_________ __________
___________
___________ __________ (Idaho, Washington, Oregon)
Oceanic crust soil is not as ________ because of large amounts of _______ and ____________
Can be used to grow _________, _________, and ____________ or to graze ____________

25. .
Hawaii
Iceland

26. Graphing Activity Temperature Changes in then Earth
Each student should complete the graphing activity using the data and the graph paper that I give out.
If it is not completed in class, it must be done for homework.

28. Plasticity Activity

29. Section 2 Studying the Earth’s Interior
Objectives:
Identify two types of seismic waves
Describe the movement of seismic waves
Explain how earth scientists make inferences about the earth’s core
Infer the characteristics of an object through indirect observation

30. Skills Warm-up Boiling Over:
Without removing the cover from a pot cooking on the stove, how could you determine what was cooking inside?
How might your method of determining the pot’s contents be similar to the way scientists determine what is inside of the earth?

31. How do we know it’s hot in there?
Studying the Earth
How do we know that some parts are liquid and some are solid?
How do we know it’s hot in there?
How do we know what the chemical makeup is?

32. Studying the Earth
The interior of the earth _______ be observed _________
Deepest mine is ___ ____ _______
Deepest hole ever bored into the crust went down only ________ – still far from the mantle
Earth’s _________ does provide some clues
________ _______(magma) from volcanoes is evidence for high temperatures inside the earth
But most knowledge has come from ________ ___________ of how _______ _________from earthquakes travel

33. Shock Waves You have all probably experienced shock waves
Have ever hit a baseball or softball with a bat?
The vibrations or shock waves travel through the bat to your hands
Shock waves can also travel through the _______

34. Seismic Waves
____________ – sudden movements in the crust that can cause shockwaves
________ _____– shock waves from an earthquake
can pass from one side of the Earth to the other
__________ – instrument that detects seismic waves.
Located all over Earth’s surface
Scientists gain valuable information about the interior of earth by comparing the ________ and ________ _______of waves

36. The two types most useful for studying the Earth’s interior are:
Types of Seismic Waves
The two types most useful for studying the Earth’s interior are:
____ _______ travel in a _______________ movement of rock particles. Particles are squeezed together, then pulled apart.
____ _______ travel in an ______________ movement of rock particles.
S waves cannot travel through __________

38. Speed and Bending of Waves
_______ at which waves travel depends partly on the ________ of the rock it travels through
The higher the density, the ________ the speed
As a wave passes through the Earth and encounters rock types with different densities, its speed __________
If a wave passes through rock layers at a slight _______, a change in speed can cause it to change _____________

39. Speed and Bending of Waves
Most seismic waves travel in a ________ path through the Earth. This curving is called _________
When a wave passes into a rock of a different ________, its path may ______ sharply

40. Inferring from Seismic Waves
With knowledge of how seismic waves travel, scientists have:
Located the _________ between earth’s ________
Inferred the ________/_________ __________ of layers

41. Andrija Mohorovicic Croatian scientist
In 1909 he discovered the boundary between the earth’s ______ and _________

42. The Moho
_________ ___________– “Moho”, the boundary between the crust and the mantle.
At a depth of between ____and ____km below the surface, seismic waves suddenly ______ _____
At this depth, rocks became much more ______, and probably of a different ________ ________

44. The Core
When an earthquake occurs, it sends seismic waves in ____ _______
P and S waves are detected by ______________
At a certain distance away from where the earthquake occurs starts a zone in which ____ _________can be detected
Called the _________ _______ – caused by the Earth’s ________

45. The Core
Note that __________ __________ from the earthquake, only ____ ________ are detected. What does this tell you about the core?
It suggests that at least part of the core is _______ since no ____ ________ are detected
The size of the earth’s core can be calculated from the size of the _________ ________

47. Answer the following questions:
Where do the seismic waves from an earthquake go?
What happens as P waves strike the core? Why?
Which waves cross the core?
Which waves are detected in the shadow zone?
What can be used to calculate the size of the core?

48. Activity – How Does Matter in the Mantle Move