1. Chapter 15 Acid-Base Titrations & pH
15.1 Aqueous Solutions & The Concept of pH

2. Self-Ionization of Water
Autoprotolysis:
H2O (l) + H2O (l) → H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Molarity at 25°C
1.0 x 10-7 moles H30+ per liter of solution
1.0 x 10-7 moles OH- per liter of solution

3. Ionization Constant for Water (KW)
KW = [H3O+][OH-] = (1.0 x 10-7M)(1.0 x 10-7M) = 1.0 x 10-14M2
KW is a constant at ordinary ranges of room temperatures
Neutral: [H3O+] = [OH-]
Acidic: [H3O+] > [OH-]
Basic: [H3O+] < [OH-]

4. Ion Concentration in Water

5. Calculating [H3O+] and [OH-]
Assume that strong acids and bases are completely ionized in solution:
1.0 M H2SO4 = 2.0 M H3O+
1.0 M Ba(OH)2 = 2.0 M OH-

6. pH Calculations and the Strength of Acids and Bases
Weak acids and weak bases cannot be assumed to be 100% ionized
[H30+] and [OH-] cannot be determined from acid and base concentrations, and must be determined experimentally

7. H+, OH-, and pH

8. pH Scale

9. The pH Scale
Due to the variations in soln’s, there are many possible concentrations of hydronium & hydroxide ions for solutions.
Usually this spans M to 1 M
In order to compare substances, the pH scale was developed.
Ex:
6 M sol’n of HCl has a H3O+ molarity of 6 M
6 M sol’n of HC2H3O2 has a H3O+ molarity of 0.01M

10. pH
pH is a scale in which the concentration of hydronium ions in solution is expressed as a number ranging from 0 to 14.
Instead of referring to a scale of 1 to 10-14, the pH scale is much easier to use.
pH is the negative of the exponent of the hydronium concentration.

11. Calculating pH & pOH pH
The negative of the common logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration
pH = - log [H3O+]
pOH
The negative of the common logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration
pOH = - log [OH-]
pH + pOH = 14.0

12. pH Example
A solution with a hydronium concentration of M has a pH of 11.
What would be the pH of a solution with a hydronium concentration of 10-6 M?
pH = 6

13. Finding [H3O+], [OH-] from pH, pOH
[H3O+] = 10-pH
[OH-] = 10-pOH

14. Interpreting the pH Scale
The pH scale is divided into 3 main areas:
If it is exactly 7, it is neutral.
If it is less than 7, it is acidic.
If it is more than 7, it is basic.

15. pH Scale

16. Interpreting the pH Scale
As pH decreases below 7, hydronium ion concentrations increase & hydroxide ion concentrations decrease.
** pH values differ in factors of 10.
Ex:
An acidic sol’n w/ a pH of 3 has 10 times the hydronium concentration as a sol’n w/ a pH of 4.

17. Interpreting the pH Scale
As pH increases above 7, hydroxide ion concentrations increase & hydronium ion concentrations decrease.
Ex: A basic sol’n w/ a pH of 9 has 10 times the hydroxide concentration as a sol’n w/ a pH of 8.
A neutral sol’n has equal concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions.

18. pH + pOH = 14

19. Significant Figures & pH
Significant digits when calculations involve logarithms are dependant only on the number of digits to the right of the decimal.
Example:
[H3O+] = 2.5 x 10-3
pH = 2.60
This concentration has 2 significant digits
So the pH will have 2 digits to the right of the decimal point
pH = ?????

20. Practice
1. Determine the [H3O+] & [OH-] in a 0.01 M solution of HClO4.
2. An aqueous solution of Ba(OH)2 has a [H3O+] of 1 x M. What is the [OH-]? What is the molarity of the solution?
3. Determine the pH of a 1 x 10-4 M solution of HBr.
4. Determine the pH of a 5 x 10-4 M solution of Ca(OH)2.
5. What is the pH of a solution whose [H3O+] = 6.2 x 10-9 M?
6. Determine the pH of a M solution of NaOH.

21. More Practice
What are the [H3O+] & [OH-] of a solution if its pH = 9.0?
The pH of a solution if What is the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution? If the solution is Sr(OH)2 (aq), what is its molarity?
The pH of a hydrochloric acid solution for cleaning tile is What is the [H3O+] in the solution?
A shampoo has a pH of 8.7. What are [H3O+] & [OH-] in the shampoo?

22. Practice Answers! [H3O+] = 1 x 10-2 M, [OH-] = 1 x 10-12 M
[OH-] = 1 x 10-3 M, [Ba(OH)2] = 5 x 10-4 M
pH = 4.0
pH = 11.0
pH = 8.21
pH = 10.87
[H3O+] = 1 x 10-9 M, [OH-] = 1 x 10-5 M
[OH-] = 1 x 10-4 M, [Sr(OH)2] = 5 x 10-5 M
[H3O+] = 0.35 M
[H3O+] = 2 x 10-9 M, [OH-] = 5 x 10-6 M

23. Chapter 15 Acid-Base Titrations & pH
15.2 Determining pH & Titrations

24. Indicators and pH Meters
Acid-Base Indicators
Compounds whose colors are sensitive to pH
Transition Interval
pH range over which an indicator color change occurs
Indicators are useful when they change color in a pH range which includes the endpoint of the reaction

26. Using Indicators to Measure pH
A pH meter is the most accurate
way to measure pH.
Measures voltage difference
between two electrodes
It will determine the exact pH of a sol’n.
There are also colored dyes that will change in a predictable way according to a standard chart. These are called indicators.

27. pH Indicators and their ranges

28. Acid-Base Titration Titration
Controlled addition of the measured amount of a solution of a known concentration required to react completely with a measured amount of sol’n of unknown concentration
Equivalence Point
The point at which the solutions used in a titration are present in chemically equivalent amounts
Titration Curves: End point
The point in a titration at which the rxn is just completed

29. Titration Curves

30. Molarity and Titration
Standard Solution
A solution that contains the precisely known concentration of a solute, used in titration to find the concentration of the solution of unknown concentration
Primary Standard
A highly purified solid compound used to check the concentration of the known solution in a titration

31. Calculations with Molar Titrations
Start with the balanced equation for the neutralization reaction and determine the chemically equivalent amounts of the acid and base
Determine the moles of acid (or base) from the known solution used during the titration
Determine the moles of solute of the unknown solution used during the titration
Determine the molarity of the unknown solution

32. Titration Calculations

33. More Practice!
How many moles of HCl are in mL of a M solution?
How many moles of NaOH would neutralize 20.0 mL of a 13.9 M solution of H2SO4?
How many milliliters of a 2.76 M KOH solution contain mol of KOH?

34. More Practice!
4. A mL sample of a solution of RbOH is neutralized by mL of a M solution of HBr. What is the molarity of RbOH? 5. If mL of a solution of Ba(OH)2 requires mL of a M solution of HNO3 for complete titration, what is the molarity of the Ba(OH)2 solution? 6. You have a vinegar solution believed to be 0.83 M. You are going to titrate mL of it with a NaOH solution known to be M. At what volume of added NaOH would you expect to see an endpoint?

35. Answers! 2.14 x 10-2 mol HCl 5.56 x 10-2 mol NaOH 29.9 mL
M RbOH
M Ba(OH)2
32 mL NaOH

36. Buffers
Buffers have many important biological functions. They keep a solution at a constant pH, when manageable amounts of acid of base are added.
Ex: Your blood is a buffer! Its pH is very slightly basic at 7.4. Even though you may eat many different types of foods or medicines, your blood pH stays relatively stable, varying only about 0.1. That means your blood controls its own pH!

37. Buffers
Buffers contain ions or molecules that react with hydronium or hydroxide if they are added to the solution. That means, even if you add an acid or a base, your pH will stay the same.
To make a buffer, you combine a weak acid or a weak base with its corresponding salt.

38. Buffers Example: Ammonia is combined with its salt, NH4Cl, in sol’n:
If acid is added to this solution, ammonia reacts with the H+ :
NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) → NH4+ (aq)
If a base is added to this solution, the NH4+ from the dissolved salt will react with the OH- :
NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → NH3 (aq) + H2O (l)

39. H2CO3 (aq) + OH- → HCO3- (aq) + H2O (l)
Buffers
Blood’s pH is regulated by many systems, but dissolved CO2 is a very important method. Carbonic acid, H2CO3, and the hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO3-, are both dissolved in your blood.
CO2 (g) + H2O (l) → H2CO3 (aq)
If you add OH- :
H2CO3 (aq) + OH- → HCO3- (aq) + H2O (l)
If you add H+ :
HCO3- (aq) + H+ → H2CO3 (aq)

40. Buffers
Your lungs control the amount of carbon dioxide in your body. If your body takes in too much carbon dioxide, your blood may become too acidic so you may yawn to lower the concentration of carbonic acid by expelling CO2.

41. Buffers
If you hyperventilate, too much CO2 is expelled, which causes the concentration of carbonic acid to become too low, and your blood may become too basic. Breathing into a paper bag will increase the concentration of CO2 in your lungs and restore the proper pH.