1. Aqueous Solutions and the Concept of pH
Chapter 16

2. Hydronium and Hydroxide Ions
provided by acids and bases in aqueous solutions
also provided by the solvent, water
water is considered the “ripper” that causes both acids and bases to dissociate in water solution
water actually causes molecules to separate into their ions
Hydronium and Hydroxide Ions

3. Equilibrium Expression
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14
Memorize this!!
Square brackets indicate the concentration of the ion in moles per liter. (Molarity)
Kw is the equilibrium constant for water. Its very small value indicates that few ions form before the equation reverses itself.
Equilibrium Expression
Also known as the ionization constant of water, Kw, increases as temperature increases.

4. Neutral, Acidic, and Basic Solutions
-because [H3O+] and [OH-] are the same in pure water, it is neutral [H3O+] = [OH-] = 1 x any solution where they are equal is also neutral -if [H3O+] is greater it is acidic; in basic solutions the [OH-] is greater
Neutral, Acidic, and Basic Solutions

5. -compounds whose colors are sensitive to pH -change colors because they are either weak acids or weak bases -come in many colors HIn + H2O  H3O+ + In- (weak acid) HIn and In- are different colors -range over which an indicator changes colors also varies Transition interval – the pH range over which an indicator changes color
Acid-Base Indicators

6. Color Ranges of Indicators
Table page 495

7. pH Meter
-determines the pH of a solution by measuring the voltage between the 2 electrodes that are placed in the solution -used to find exact pH -voltage changes as [H3O+] changes

8. Titration
-the controlled addition and measurement of the amount of a solution of known concentration required to react completely with a measured amount of a solution of unknown concentration
-sensitive means for determining chemically equivalent volumes of acid and base

9. Titration Terminology
Equivalence Point – -the point at which the 2 solutions used in a titration are present in chemically equivalent amount -indicators and pH meters can be used to determine equivalence point -pH meter will show large voltage change
End Point – -the point in a titration at which an indicator changes color Litmus: broad range pH 5.5 – 8.0 Bromthymol blue: limited transition pH 6.0 – 7.6 -indicators that undergo transition at about pH 7 are used to determine equivalence point of strong- acid/strong-base titrations
Titration Terminology

10. Titration Curve for Strong Acid/Strong Base

11. Titration Curve for Strong Base and Weak Acid

12. Standard solution – -the solution that contains the precisely known concentration of a solute -often called the “known” solution
Primary standard – -a highly purified solid compound used to check the concentration of the known solution in a titration -to be certain of concentration of known solution, titration is done with the primary
Titration Completed