1. The Global Environmental Problems can be Solved: Preparing Elementary and Middle School Students to Envision a Better Future. The Problem is Real The Problem is Huge The Problem Can be Solved What Elementary and Middle School Students Need to Know

2. Today’s Children Must Solve The Problem of Global Warming The Problem is Real The Problem is Huge The Problem Can be Solved What Elementary and Middle School Students Need to Know

4. World Annual Carbon Dioxide Emissions: 1980- 2000 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/total.html#IntlCarbon The Rosetta Stone 2100 Mt(C) = 1 ppmv(CO 2 )

5. 7x 6x 5x 4x 3x 2x 1x 5600 GT carbon consumed = 80% of FF reserves. 2000 2500 3000 35004000 4500 5000 Year 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 pCO2 (ppm) Atmospheric pCO2 vs Year BAU 10% Injected 25% Injected 50% Injected 100% Injected 10% Removed 25% Removed 50% Removed 100% Removed

7. Surface Air Warming (°F) 2xCO 2 Climate 4xCO 2 Climate GFDL Model (Manabe & Stouffer)

9. Growth Rate of Carbon Reservoirs

11. ED US Land Use History PrimaryCropPastureSecondary

14. Today’s Children Must Solve The Problem of Global Warming The Problem is Real The Problem is Huge The Problem Can be Solved What Elementary and Middle School Students Need to Know

18. Today’s Children Must Solve The Problem of Global Warming The Problem is Real The Problem is Huge The Problem Can be Solved What Elementary and Middle School Students Need to Know

19. Carbon Mitigation Initiative at Princeton, 2001-2010 Carbon Capture Carbon Science Carbon Storage Carbon Policy $20,100,000 funding from BP and Ford.

20. Combustion: 2H 2 + O 2 = 2H 2 O + Energy Fuel Cell: 2H 2 + O 2 = 2H 2 O + Electricity

21. Geologic Sequestration

23. PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PEI / CMI

24. Biomass Energy Conservation Wind Energy Solar Energy Nuclear Fission Enhance Natural Sinks Nuclear Fusion

25. Reductions Required by 2050 = ~ 6 GT Geologic Sequestration 3500 Algeria or Sleipner projects @ 1 MT CO2/year Leakage (a)Global (b)Local Deep microbes Nuclear1500 1 GW power plants (5X current level) Nuclear proliferation and terrorism, nuclear waste Efficiency8% of 2050 fossil BAU energyNone Wind Solar Biomass Wind: 150 x current level Solar: 2000 x current level. Biomass: 200 x 10 6 ha = US Agriculture Wind: regional climate change?, NIMBY Solar: None Biomass: Biodiversity Forest Sinks250-500 x 10 6 ha = 1X – 2X US Forest Area Biodiversity Mitigation Size of 1 GT Global BusinessRisk Magic bullets after 2050: Fusion, solar CO2  CH3OH, solar splitting of water.

26. Today’s Children Must Solve The Problem of Global Warming The Problem is Real The Problem is Huge The Problem Can be Solved What Elementary and Middle School Students Need to Know

27. The Problem Is Real

28. 300 60 90 120 150 Carbon in Living Trees Years Since Abandonment Indoor Alternative: Grow plants in pots, dry them in an oven, weigh them and divide by 2. This yields the carbon that came from the atmosphere. Multiply by 44/12 and you have the total mass of CO 2 that was taken from the atmosphere.

29. On average a US citizen produces roughly 20 tons! of CO 2 The CO 2 that comes from your tailpipe weighs 3 times as much as the gasoline you put in. The global average per capita production of CO 2 is only 4 tons. Personal carbon accounting. How much greenhouse gas is produced by your family’s car, by heating your house, by the electricity your family uses, by your school, etc.? How much do people in other cultures produce? To prevent dangerous global warming, global production of CO 2 must stabilize through 2050, and this means that US consumption must drop as other societies industrialize.

30. Global Warming: IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change): http://www.ipcc.ch/ CMDL (Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory): http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/ GFDL (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Home Page): http://www.gfdl.gov/ NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research): http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/ncar/ Hadley Centre: http://www.met-office.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/index.html

31. Fuel Cell Cars Geologic Sequestration Wind Power Solar Power Biomass Energy Conservation Nuclear Power

32. Solutions: DOE – Kidspage: http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/sequestrat ion/kidspage/main.html CMI (Carbon Mitigation Initiative) http://www.princeton.edu/~cmi/ Stanford GCEP website: http://gcep.stanford.edu/

33. Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/Electrochemistry/doc/fuelcell.html http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/97/fuelcel3.html http://ethics-www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2002/release_2002_94.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/ http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/RT2000/5000/5830palaszewski1.html http://www.daimlerchrysler.com/index_e.htm?/news/top/1999/t90422a_e.htm http://www.autobytel.com/content/research/index.cfm?id=4;4&aid=90&action=showarticle Geologic Sequestration: http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002NC/finalprogram/abstract_32351.htm http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/sequestration/geologic.html Bioenergy: http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy/tech_biomass.cfm?state=NJ http://www.ott.doe.gov/rbep/organization.html http://weboflife.ksc.nasa.gov/currentResearch/currentResearchHardware/bpsAmes.htm http://www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels/ http://www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels/history_of_biofuels.html http://www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels/links.html http://www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/ http://www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels/environment.html http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/bfdpmain.html http://www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels/energy_security.html

34. Solar Energy: http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy/tech_solar.cfm?state=NJ http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy/technology_overview.cfm?techid=1 http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge2/applitech/spsolar.html http://www.solarquest.com/schoolhouse/Task.asp?id=1348 http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar_decathlon/kids.html Wind Energy: http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/wind.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy/tech_wind.cfm?state=NJ http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge2/applitech/renew.html http://www.buffalopix.com/windmills.htm Nuclear Fission and Fusion: http://nepo.ne.doe.gov/page1.html http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Snuclear.htm http://wwwofe.er.doe.gov/ http://www.ofes.fusion.doe.gov/More_HTML/About%20Fusion.html http://www.ofes.fusion.doe.gov/Education.html http://fusedweb.pppl.gov/FusEdWeb-menu.html http://fusedweb.pppl.gov/FusEdWeb-home.html

35. Today’s Children Must Solve the Problem of Global Warming The Problem is Real The Problem is Huge The Problem Can Be Solved What Elementary and Middle School Students Need to Know