1. BioSAR 30  An airborne radar for the mapping of forest biomass and embedded carbon Presentation for the Third USDA Symposium Greenhouse Gases & Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture and Forestry March 23, 2005 Zimmerman Associates, Inc (ZAI) BioSAR 30 

2. BioSAR 30  Acknowledgements Dr. Marc Imhoff, NASA GSFC Dr. Roger Dahlman, DOE BER Mr. John Litynski, DOE FE

3. BioSAR 30  Overview Radar (RF) Remote Sensing of Biomass NASA Experiments DOE Refinements – BioSAR 30 TM February 2005 Mission Features, Advantages, Benefits Spin-Off Company – Terresense

4. BioSAR 30  Radar Remote Sensing of Biomass Radar energy is reflected by leaves Radar receivers are saturated by these reflections Beyond saturation, measurement not possible Radar Biomass load limits at saturation –X-Band (10 GHz –  1”) ~ 10 tons/ha –P-Band (500 MHz -  2’) ~ 100 tons/ha

5. BioSAR 30  Location of World Biomass 90 % of world biomass resides in stands of over 100 tons/ha For Radar remote sensing of 90% of world biomass need VHF frequency ~ 100 MHz,  10’

6. BioSAR 30  Basic BioSAR 30  Technology Airborne Small Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Operates at 80-120 MHz, ~ 10’ Low power < 1 watts Data collected at 166 KHz Data tagged with dGPS time and location Radar footprint is a 600 mt circle (80 acres) Processed cell size 30 x 300 meters (1 acre)

7. BioSAR 30  NASA C-130 In Flight BioSAR 30 TM antenna

8. BioSAR 30  Biomass (tons/ha) Site # Latitude Longitude Biomass (tons/ha) 207.4 1 9.160127 79.859973207.4 212.2 2 8.987363 79.617125212.2 212.3 3 8.996870 79.642082212.3 218.8 4 9.121305 79.672340218.8 235.1 5 9.140858 79.692410235.1 235.9 6 9.152628 79.713770 235.9 243.9 7 9.143868 79.857983 243.9 252.2 8 9.157593 79.750405252.2 258.8 9 9.280008 79.974252 258.8 259.3 10 9.322290 79.960888259.3 288.9 11 8.986632 79.637610288.9 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Test Sites Biomass 200 to 300 tons/ha (above-ground, dry, biomass).

9. BioSAR 30  BioSAR Estimated Biomass vs.Ground Truth 200210220230240250260270280290 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 Ground Truth Biomass, tons/hectare Estimated Biomass, tons/hectare ±10% of Total (total above-ground dry biomass)

10. BioSAR 30  BioSAR-Generated Biomass Map of the Panama Canal Zone, Panama 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 9.11° N Lat. -80.00 ° E Long. 9.20° N Lat. -79.60° E Long. Canal Above-ground dry biomass (Metric Tons/Hectare)

11. BioSAR 30  DOE Refinements - BioSAR 30 TM DOE Grants –Improved processing algorithms –Improved data storage and archiving –Addition of Laser Radar –Addition of external calibration device

12. BioSAR 30  BioSAR 30 TM Installed in Twin Otter Aircraft

13. BioSAR 30  BioSAR 30 TM Operators Station

14. BioSAR 30  BioSAR 30 TM Antenna

15. BioSAR 30  DOE Mission to North Carolina February 17,18 2005 30 Sites selected – Each Site ~ 100 acres –Collaboration with Weyerhaeuser Corp. –GPS waypoints for each site computed –North-South, East-West Leg for each site –All sites flown in one day, repeated next day

16. BioSAR 30  Aerial Photograph of Site 19

17. BioSAR 30  BioSAR 30 TM Flight Lines - Site 19

18. BioSAR 30  Data Points and Biomass for Site 19

19. BioSAR 30  Video View of Site 19

20. BioSAR 30  Observations vs. Ground Truth Feb 17 Feb 18 N-S E-W N-S E-W 2003 Ground Truth ~ 160 tons/ha Site 19

21. BioSAR 30  30 Square Mile Survey - 1 Day 5.5 Miles 250 Meters – 36 transects

22. BioSAR 30  Features, Advantages, Benefits FeatureAdvantageBenefit 1.Time Required 2.Coverage 3.Cost 4.Platform 5.Accuracy Remote vs. manual 100% vs. 1% survey ~ $2 vs. $10 per acre Aircraft vs. vehicle Measurement vs. approximation Hours vs. weeks Reproducibility Reduced costs Accessibility Better Results

23. BioSAR 30  New Company –Spin-Off from ZAI –Offering commercial BioSAR 30  services $2.00/acre (Minimum $50K) + ferry charges 30 sq. miles/day (~ 19K acres, 7.8K ha) –Product will be GIS/GPS Overlays: Biomass/Carbon –Brochures and details available –Taking orders now www.terresense.com

24. BioSAR 30  Points of Contact ZAI: www.zai-inc.comwww.zai-inc.com –Patrick W. Johnson 301-371-3584 pjohnson@zai-inc.com Terresense: www.terresense.comwww.terresense.com –Marie Sparrow 703-883-0506 msparrow@terresense.com