2. IT’S A GAS…

3. Gases have some interesting characteristics that have fascinated scientists for 300 years. The first gas to be studied was air & it was a long time before it was discovered that air was actually a mixture of particles rather than a single gas. Gases have some interesting characteristics that have fascinated scientists for 300 years. The first gas to be studied was air & it was a long time before it was discovered that air was actually a mixture of particles rather than a single gas. The Nature of Gases

4. But this realization did not make the study of gas behavior more difficult. Although air is a mixture of several different gases, it behaves much the same as any single gas. But this realization did not make the study of gas behavior more difficult. Although air is a mixture of several different gases, it behaves much the same as any single gas. Regardless of their chemical identity, gases tend to exhibit similar physical behaviors The Nature of Gases

5. Gas particles can be monatomic (Ne), diatomic (N 2 ), or polyatomic (CH 4 ) – but they all have these characteristics in common: 1) Gases have mass. 2) Gases are compressible. 3) Gases fill their containers. 4) Gases diffuse 5) Gases exert pressure. 6) Pressure is dependent on Temp.

6. Kinetic Molecular Theory There is a theory that modern day chemists use to explain the behaviors and characteristics of gases - the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter. The word kinetic refers to motion. The word molecular refers to molecules There is a theory that modern day chemists use to explain the behaviors and characteristics of gases - the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter. The word kinetic refers to motion. The word molecular refers to molecules

7. Kinetic Molecular Theory The theory states that the tiny particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion. This theory is used to explain the behaviors common among gases There are 3 basic assumptions of the KMT as it applies to gases. The theory states that the tiny particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion. This theory is used to explain the behaviors common among gases There are 3 basic assumptions of the KMT as it applies to gases.

8. KMT Assumption #1 A gas is composed of small hard particles. The particles have an insignificant volume and are relatively far apart from one another. There is empty space between particles. No attractive or repulsive forces between particles. A gas is composed of small hard particles. The particles have an insignificant volume and are relatively far apart from one another. There is empty space between particles. No attractive or repulsive forces between particles.

9. KMT Assumption #2 The particles in a gas move in constant random motion. Particles move in straight paths and are completely independent of each of other Particles path is only changed by colliding with another particle or the sides of its container. The particles in a gas move in constant random motion. Particles move in straight paths and are completely independent of each of other Particles path is only changed by colliding with another particle or the sides of its container.

10. KMT Assumption #3 All collisions a gas particle undergoes are perfectly elastic. No energy is lost from one particle to another, and the total kinetic energy remains constant. All collisions a gas particle undergoes are perfectly elastic. No energy is lost from one particle to another, and the total kinetic energy remains constant.

11. Gases have mass. Gases seem to be weightless, but they are classified as matter, which means they have mass. The density of a gas – the mass per unit of volume – is much less than the density of a liquid or solid, however. Gases seem to be weightless, but they are classified as matter, which means they have mass. The density of a gas – the mass per unit of volume – is much less than the density of a liquid or solid, however.

12. Gases have mass. It’s this very low density that allows us to be able to walk through the room without concerning ourselves with air resistance. Since it is so easy to “swim” across the room we don’t put much thought into the mass of a gas. Really it is only noticeable if we have a large collection of gas in a container. It’s this very low density that allows us to be able to walk through the room without concerning ourselves with air resistance. Since it is so easy to “swim” across the room we don’t put much thought into the mass of a gas. Really it is only noticeable if we have a large collection of gas in a container.

14. The Kinetic-Molecular theory explanation of it is that we assume that gases are composed of a collection of particles. You can’t see these particles directly, so they are very tiny, and to notice any mass you must weigh a collection of the particles. It is usually necessary to have a mole or more of gas particles to have a significant change in mass. The Kinetic-Molecular theory explanation of it is that we assume that gases are composed of a collection of particles. You can’t see these particles directly, so they are very tiny, and to notice any mass you must weigh a collection of the particles. It is usually necessary to have a mole or more of gas particles to have a significant change in mass.

15. 2 nd – Gases “R” squeezable If you squeeze a gas, its volume can be reduced considerably A gas’ low density allows for a lot of empty space between gas molecules. If you squeeze a gas, its volume can be reduced considerably A gas’ low density allows for a lot of empty space between gas molecules.

16. Gas particles have a high velocity, relative to their masses. This gives them a lot of energy and movement. The movement causes the gases to spread out, which leaves a lot of space between molecules. That empty space can be compressed by pressure allowing gas particles less room to move around thus decreasing the volume. Gas particles have a high velocity, relative to their masses. This gives them a lot of energy and movement. The movement causes the gases to spread out, which leaves a lot of space between molecules. That empty space can be compressed by pressure allowing gas particles less room to move around thus decreasing the volume.

17. This empty space can be compressed simply by adding pressure. We can use this ability of a gas to do work for us. Think of shocks on a car. You really are riding on a pillow of air. A bump in the road compresses the gas in the shocks until the bump’s energy is absorbed. This empty space can be compressed simply by adding pressure. We can use this ability of a gas to do work for us. Think of shocks on a car. You really are riding on a pillow of air. A bump in the road compresses the gas in the shocks until the bump’s energy is absorbed.

18. 3 rd – Gases fill their containers Gases expand until they take up as much room as they possibly can. Gases spread out to fill containers until the concentration of gases is uniform throughout the entire space. This is why that nowhere around you is there an absence of air. Gases expand until they take up as much room as they possibly can. Gases spread out to fill containers until the concentration of gases is uniform throughout the entire space. This is why that nowhere around you is there an absence of air.

20. The Kinetic-Molecular theory alludes to this by the fact that these particles are in constant random motion. Gases move in a straight line until it they collide with other particles or the sides of the container, which causes them to change directions until they collide with something else. This bouncing off of everything around them spread the particles out until they are uniform throughout the entire container. The Kinetic-Molecular theory alludes to this by the fact that these particles are in constant random motion. Gases move in a straight line until it they collide with other particles or the sides of the container, which causes them to change directions until they collide with something else. This bouncing off of everything around them spread the particles out until they are uniform throughout the entire container.

21. If I opened up a bag of popcorn in front of the class you would soon be able to smell it in the back. The popcorn smell is a high energy molecule or group of molecules that is in the gas state. There are really two properties going on here: - This property of gases spreading out until they have filled the room - And the property of diffusion If I opened up a bag of popcorn in front of the class you would soon be able to smell it in the back. The popcorn smell is a high energy molecule or group of molecules that is in the gas state. There are really two properties going on here: - This property of gases spreading out until they have filled the room - And the property of diffusion

22. 4 th – Gases diffuse Gases can move through each other rapidly. The movement of one substance through another is called diffusion. Because of all of the empty space between gas molecules, another gas molecule can pass between them until each gas is spread out evenly over the entire container. Gases can move through each other rapidly. The movement of one substance through another is called diffusion. Because of all of the empty space between gas molecules, another gas molecule can pass between them until each gas is spread out evenly over the entire container.

23. The same logic from the observation that gases spread out applies here. If the gases are in constant random motion the fact that they are moving and colliding with everything around them then they will mix with other gases uniformly. This doesn’t happen at the same speeds for all gases though. Some gases diffuse more rapidly then other gases based on their size and their energy. The same logic from the observation that gases spread out applies here. If the gases are in constant random motion the fact that they are moving and colliding with everything around them then they will mix with other gases uniformly. This doesn’t happen at the same speeds for all gases though. Some gases diffuse more rapidly then other gases based on their size and their energy.

24. Diffusion explains why gases are able to spread out to fill their containers. It’s why we can all breathe oxygen anywhere in the room. It also helps us avoid potential odoriferous problems. Diffusion explains why gases are able to spread out to fill their containers. It’s why we can all breathe oxygen anywhere in the room. It also helps us avoid potential odoriferous problems.

25. 5 th – Gases exert pressure The sum of all of the collisions makes up the pressure the gas exerts. Gas particles exert pressure by colliding with objects in their path.

26. The Kinetic-Molecular theory alludes to this by the fact that these particles are colliding with anything in their path. Imagine a gas in a container as a room of hard rubber balls. The collisions of the balls bouncing around exert a force on the object that with which they collide. The definition of a pressure is a force per unit area – so the total of all of the tiny collisions makes up the pressure exerted by the gas. The Kinetic-Molecular theory alludes to this by the fact that these particles are colliding with anything in their path. Imagine a gas in a container as a room of hard rubber balls. The collisions of the balls bouncing around exert a force on the object that with which they collide. The definition of a pressure is a force per unit area – so the total of all of the tiny collisions makes up the pressure exerted by the gas.

27. The gases push against the walls of their containers with a force. The pressure of gases is what keeps our tires inflated, makes our basketballs bounce, makes hairspray come out of the can, etc. The gases push against the walls of their containers with a force. The pressure of gases is what keeps our tires inflated, makes our basketballs bounce, makes hairspray come out of the can, etc.

28. 6 th – Pressure depends on Temp The higher the temperature of a gas -the higher the pressure that the gas exerts The reverse of that is true as well, a the temperature of a gas decreases – the pressure decreases. Think about the pressure of a set of tires on a car The higher the temperature of a gas -the higher the pressure that the gas exerts The reverse of that is true as well, a the temperature of a gas decreases – the pressure decreases. Think about the pressure of a set of tires on a car

29. Pressure Gauge Pressure Gauge Today’s temp: 35°F

30. Pressure Gauge Pressure Gauge Today’s temp: 85°F

31. 6 th – Pressure depends on Temp The reverse of that is true as well, as the temperature of a gas decreases – the pressure decreases. Think about the pressure of a set of tires on a car The reverse of that is true as well, as the temperature of a gas decreases – the pressure decreases. Think about the pressure of a set of tires on a car

32. -the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up an object Do you recall the definition of temperature? The higher the temperature the more the energy The more the energy the more impacts the gases administer The more the impacts or collisions the more the pressure exerted. The higher the temperature the more the energy The more the energy the more impacts the gases administer The more the impacts or collisions the more the pressure exerted.

33. The pressure increases when temperature increases because the molecules are moving with greater speed and colliding against the sides of their containers more often. Therefore, the pressure inside that container is greater, because there are more collisions. The pressure increases when temperature increases because the molecules are moving with greater speed and colliding against the sides of their containers more often. Therefore, the pressure inside that container is greater, because there are more collisions.

34. Measuring Gases The conditions under which a gas is studied is very important to its behavior. Experimental work in chemistry requires the measurement of such quantities as volume, temperature, pressure, and the number of particles. These quantities are called variables and if they are not accounted for then the results of the experiment might be jeopardized. The conditions under which a gas is studied is very important to its behavior. Experimental work in chemistry requires the measurement of such quantities as volume, temperature, pressure, and the number of particles. These quantities are called variables and if they are not accounted for then the results of the experiment might be jeopardized.

35. Gas variables In order to describe a gas sample completely and then make predictions about its behavior under changed conditions, it is important to deal with the values of: 1) amount of gas 2) volume 3) temperature 4) pressure

36. Amount (n) The quantity of gas in a given sample expressed in terms of moles of gas. This of course is in terms of 6.02 x 10 23 molecules of the gas. Don’t forget that to convert mass to moles you just divide by the molar mass of the gas. The quantity of gas in a given sample expressed in terms of moles of gas. This of course is in terms of 6.02 x 10 23 molecules of the gas. Don’t forget that to convert mass to moles you just divide by the molar mass of the gas.

37. Volume (V) The volume of the gas is simply the volume of the container it is contained in. The metric unit of volume is the liter (L) The volume of the gas is simply the volume of the container it is contained in. The metric unit of volume is the liter (L)

38. Temperature (T) The temperature of a gas is generally measured with a thermometer in Celsius. All calculations involving gases should be made after converting the Celsius to Kelvin temperature. The temperature of a gas is generally measured with a thermometer in Celsius. All calculations involving gases should be made after converting the Celsius to Kelvin temperature. Kelvin = C° + 273

39. Pressure (P) The pressure of a gas is the force exerted on the wall of the container a gas is trapped in. There are several units for pressure depending on the instrument used to measure it including: The pressure of a gas is the force exerted on the wall of the container a gas is trapped in. There are several units for pressure depending on the instrument used to measure it including: 1) atmospheres (atm) 2) Millimeters of Mercury (mmHg) 3) Kilopascal (kPa)

40. S T P The behavior of a gas depends very strongly on the temperature and the pressure at which the gas is held. To make it easier to discuss the behavior of a gas, it is convenient to designate standard conditions, called STP. The behavior of a gas depends very strongly on the temperature and the pressure at which the gas is held. To make it easier to discuss the behavior of a gas, it is convenient to designate standard conditions, called STP. - Temperature = 0°C or 273K - Pressure = 1atm or 760mmHg or 101.3kPa

41. Atmospheric Pressure The gases in the air are exerting a pressure called atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is a result of the fact that air has mass is and is attracted by gravity producing a force. Knowing this atmospheric pressure and predicting changes in the atmospheric pressure is how forecasters predict the weather. The gases in the air are exerting a pressure called atmospheric pressure Atmospheric pressure is a result of the fact that air has mass is and is attracted by gravity producing a force. Knowing this atmospheric pressure and predicting changes in the atmospheric pressure is how forecasters predict the weather.

43. Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric pressure varies with altitude - the lower the altitude, the longer and heavier is the column of air above an area of the earth. Look on the back of a box of cake mix for the difference in baking times based on the atmospheric pressure in your region. Atmospheric pressure varies with altitude - the lower the altitude, the longer and heavier is the column of air above an area of the earth. Look on the back of a box of cake mix for the difference in baking times based on the atmospheric pressure in your region.

45. Atmospheric Pressure Low pressure or dropping pressure indicates a change of weather from fair to rain. High pressure is an indication of clear skies and sun. It all has to do with the amount of air pressing down on us. Low pressure or dropping pressure indicates a change of weather from fair to rain. High pressure is an indication of clear skies and sun. It all has to do with the amount of air pressing down on us.

46. Gas Laws Studies of the behavior of gases played a major role in the development of physical sciences in the 7 th and 8 th centuries. The Kinetic Molecular theory marked a significant achievement in understanding the behavior of gases. Observations have become mathematical laws which we can use to predict quantitative outcomes. Studies of the behavior of gases played a major role in the development of physical sciences in the 7 th and 8 th centuries. The Kinetic Molecular theory marked a significant achievement in understanding the behavior of gases. Observations have become mathematical laws which we can use to predict quantitative outcomes.

47. Boyle’s Law Robert Boyle was among the first to note the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas. He measured the volume of air at different pressures, and observed a pattern of behavior which led to his mathematical law. During his experiments Temperature and amount of gas weren’t allowed to change Robert Boyle was among the first to note the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas. He measured the volume of air at different pressures, and observed a pattern of behavior which led to his mathematical law. During his experiments Temperature and amount of gas weren’t allowed to change

48. As the pressure increases Volume decreases Volume decreases

49. How does Pressure and Volume of gases relate graphically? Volume Pressure PV = k Temperature, # of particles remain constant Temperature, # of particles remain constant

50. Boyle’s Mathematical Law: since PV = k P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 Eg: A gas has a volume of 3.0 L at 2 atm. What is its volume at 4 atm? What if we had a change in conditions?

51. 1)determine which variables you have: P and V = Boyle’s Law 2)determine which law is being represented:  P 1 = 2 atm  V 1 = 3.0 L  P 2 = 4 atm  V 2 = ?  P 1 = 2 atm  V 1 = 3.0 L  P 2 = 4 atm  V 2 = ?

52. 3) Rearrange the equation for the variable you don’t know 4) Plug in the variables and chug it on a calculator: P 1 V 1 = V 2 P2P2 P2P2 (2.0 atm)(3.0L) = V 2 (4atm) V 2 = 1.5L

53. Charles’s Law Jacques Charles determined the relationship between temperature and volume of a gas. He measured the volume of air at different temperatures, and observed a pattern of behavior which led to his mathematical law. During his experiments pressure of the system and amount of gas were held constant. Jacques Charles determined the relationship between temperature and volume of a gas. He measured the volume of air at different temperatures, and observed a pattern of behavior which led to his mathematical law. During his experiments pressure of the system and amount of gas were held constant.

54. Volume of balloon at room temperature Volume of balloon at 5°C

55. Temp How does Temperature and Volume of gases relate graphically? Volume V/T = k Pressure, # of particles remain constant Pressure, # of particles remain constant

56. Charles’s Mathematical Law: since V/T = k Eg: A gas has a volume of 3.0 L at 127°C. What is its volume at 227 °C? V 1 V 2 T 1 T 2 = What if we had a change in conditions?

57. 1)determine which variables you have: T and V = Charles’s Law 2)determine which law is being represented:  T 1 = 127°C + 273 = 400K  V 1 = 3.0 L  T 2 = 227°C + 273 = 5ooK  V 2 = ?  T 1 = 127°C + 273 = 400K  V 1 = 3.0 L  T 2 = 227°C + 273 = 5ooK  V 2 = ?

58. 4) Plug in the variables: (500K)(3.0L) = V 2 (400K) V 2 = 3.8L 3.0L V 2 400K 500K = = 5) Cross multiply and chug

59. Gay Lussac’s Law Old man Lussac determined the relationship between temperature and pressure of a gas. He measured the temperature of air at different pressures, and observed a pattern of behavior which led to his mathematical law. During his experiments volume of the system and amount of gas were held constant. Old man Lussac determined the relationship between temperature and pressure of a gas. He measured the temperature of air at different pressures, and observed a pattern of behavior which led to his mathematical law. During his experiments volume of the system and amount of gas were held constant.

60. Pressure Gauge Pressure Gauge Car before a trip Think of a tire... Let’s get on the road Dude!

61. Car after a long trip Think of a tire... WHEW! Pressure Gauge Pressure Gauge

62. Temp Pressure How does Pressure and Temperature of gases relate graphically? P/T = k Volume, # of particles remain constant Volume, # of particles remain constant

63. Lussac’s Mathematical Law: What if we had a change in conditions? since P/T = k P 1 P 2 T 1 T 2 = Eg: A gas has a pressure of 3.0 atm at 127º C. What is its pressure at 227º C?

64. T and P = Gay-Lussac’s Law  T 1 = 127°C + 273 = 400K  P 1 = 3.0 atm  T 2 = 227°C + 273 = 500K  P 2 = ?  T 1 = 127°C + 273 = 400K  P 1 = 3.0 atm  T 2 = 227°C + 273 = 500K  P 2 = ? 1)determine which variables you have: 2)determine which law is being represented:

65. 4) Plug in the variables: (500K)(3.0atm) = P 2 (400K) P 2 = 3.8atm 3.0atm P 2 400K 500K = = 5) Cross multiply and chug

66. Avogadro’s Law Remember that Avogadro guy? He’s baaaack! mole He is actually the one responsible for much of our knowledge on gases because he came up with the concept of the mole He not only said that a mole is a specific number of particles, but he also said that one mole of any gas has the same volume at STP – 22.4 Liters So now we can predict how many moles we have based on volume and vice versa. Remember that Avogadro guy? He’s baaaack! mole He is actually the one responsible for much of our knowledge on gases because he came up with the concept of the mole He not only said that a mole is a specific number of particles, but he also said that one mole of any gas has the same volume at STP – 22.4 Liters So now we can predict how many moles we have based on volume and vice versa.

67. # of particles Volume How does Volume and # of particles of gases relate graphically? V/n = a Temperature and pressure remain constant Temperature and pressure remain constant

68. Avogadro’s Mathematical Law: What if we had a change in conditions? since V/n = a V 1 V 2 n 1 n 2 = Eg: At a constant temperature and pressure, 1.49 moles of a certain gas has a volume of 34.3 L. What is its volume if the number of moles increase to 3.01?

69. V and n = Avogadro’s Law  V 1 = 34.3 L  n 1 = 1.49 mol  V 2 = ?  n 2 = 3.01 mol  V 1 = 34.3 L  n 1 = 1.49 mol  V 2 = ?  n 2 = 3.01 mol 1)determine which variables you have: 2)determine which law is being represented:

70. 4) Plug in the variables: (34.3L)(3.01mol) = V 2 (1.49mol) V 2 = 69.3 L 34.3 L V 2 1.49 mol 3.01 mol = = 5) Cross multiply and chug

71. LAW RELAT- IONSHIP LAW CON- STANT Boyle’s P VP VP VP V P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 T, n Charles’ V TV TV TV T V 1 /T 1 = V 2 /T 2 P, n Gay Lussac’s P TP TP TP T P 1 /T 1 = P 2 /T 2 V, n Avogadro’s V nV nV nV n V 1 /n 1 = V 2 /n 2 P, T

72. But WAIT! We can combine all these laws to form the Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT This one is useful when you have more than two variables that are changing The constant R = 0.08206 L*atm/mol*K Because of this, when we are calculating using the ideal gas law, pressure must be in atmospheres (atm), amount must be in moles, temperature must be in degrees Kelvin (K), and volume must be in liters (L) We can combine all these laws to form the Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT This one is useful when you have more than two variables that are changing The constant R = 0.08206 L*atm/mol*K Because of this, when we are calculating using the ideal gas law, pressure must be in atmospheres (atm), amount must be in moles, temperature must be in degrees Kelvin (K), and volume must be in liters (L)

73. Ideal Gas Law Example How many moles of gas are contained in 760.0 mL at 21.0 °C and 680.0 mmHg pressure?

74. All variables = Ideal Gas Law  V = 760.0 mL = 0.7600 L  T= 21.0 C + 273 = 294 K  n = ?  P = 680 mm Hg * 1 atm/760 mmHg = 0.895 atm  R = 0.08206 L*atm/mol*K  V = 760.0 mL = 0.7600 L  T= 21.0 C + 273 = 294 K  n = ?  P = 680 mm Hg * 1 atm/760 mmHg = 0.895 atm  R = 0.08206 L*atm/mol*K 1)determine which variables you have: 2)determine which law is being represented:

75. 4) Plug in the variables: PV = nRT 0.895 * 0.7600 = n * 0.08206 * 294 4) Plug in the variables: PV = nRT 0.895 * 0.7600 = n * 0.08206 * 294 n = (0.895 * 0.7600)/(0.08206 * 294) n = 0.0282 mol 5) Solve for your unknown and chug