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Petechiae and Hemorrhagic Rashes Dr. Harley Eisman Pediatric Emergency Medicine MUHC-Montreal Children’s Hospital
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Outline Objectives Cases Definition Background Evidence Consensus Global Evaluation of Purpura Selected Disease Entities Wrap-Up
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Objectives At the end of the session the learner will: A. Understand the important points in the clinical evaluation of the child with petechiae B. Better use laboratory investigation in the evaluation of the child with fever and petechiae
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Case 1 5 year old male referred by pediatrician fever x 48 hours petechiae on trunk for 12 hours cough,headache,abdo pain,difficulty swallowing sick contacts at school febrile,tired, non-toxic, vitals stable petechiae on face, neck,chest abdomen and 1 thigh red throat with some exudate, neck supple WBC 17.3, HGB 126, PLT 212 49%N,28%L,5%ATL
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Case 2 2.5 year old male fever for 24 hours, poor feeding, less active, nausea ?vomit parents noticed spots on face tired, febrile, vitals stable mild rhinorrhea petechiae under eyes, on face, on trunk, and on buttock WBC 9.0, HGB 137, PLT 155, N41%,S10%,L40% Coags:Normal CXR: Normal, Sinus Views Positive
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Definitions Purpura –nonblanchable purple lesion –blood extravasated outside vessel wall a)nonpalpable - no vessel inflammation petechiae - macules smaller than 3 mm ecchymoses- larger than 3mm b)palpable (macular) - vasculitis elevated lesion
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Purpura
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Context … independent of age, fever with petechiae with or without localizing signs places the patient at high risk for life threatening bacterial infections such as bacteremia, sepsis, and meningitis…. Nelson’s pg. 700 series have quoted the incidence of meningococcal disease in the setting of petechiae to be 7-11%
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Local Context Meningitis vigilance of 2001 Cowansville - Massey Vanier High
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Meningococcal Disease in Quebec – Past Decade
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Local Context
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What do you do ?
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Fever and Petechiae in Children Baker et al, Pediatrics Vol.84 No.6 December 1989 190 patients prospectively enrolled 15 children( 8%) with invasive infections 39 children with nonbacteremic causes 38 children with viral causes 136 patients with clinical diagnoses
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Fever and Petechiae in Children Baker et al, Pediatrics Vol.84 No.6 December 1989 Invasive –Neisseria Meningitis –H.FluB –Strep Pneumo –Meningitis NYD Non-Invasive –Strep Pyogenes(*) –RSV –Influenza –E.Coli Uti –Rotavirus –Enterovirus –Adenovirus
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Additional Infectious Causes Parvovirus B19 (Fifth Disease) Ebstein-Barr Virus
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Fever and Petechiae in Children Baker et al, Pediatrics Vol.84 No.6 December 1989 Location, Quantity –40% of Invasive Disease had generalized –11% of non-invasive had generalized –no patient with petechiae only above the nipple line had invasive disease
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Fever and Petechiae in Children Baker et al, Pediatrics Vol.84 No.6 December 1989
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Incidence of bacteremia in infants and children with fever and petechiae Mandl et Al, Journal of Pediatrics 131(3) Sept. 1997 398-406 Bacterial Culture Results from 411 patients with fever > 38 0 C and petechiae
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Incidence of bacteremia in infants and children with fever and petechiae Mandl et Al, Journal of Pediatrics 131(3) Sept. 1997 398-406 Testing Performance of selected clinical and laboratory findings
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Performance of Clinical Features Wells LC et Al, Arch Dis Child 2001;25 p220
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Performance of Lab Test Wells LC et Al, Arch Dis Child 2001;25 p220
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Coagulation Profiles Willword, Pediatric Emergency Care, 2003 Vol 19(4) p. 244
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The Management of fever and petechiae:making sense of rash decisions Brogan PA,Raffles A. Arch Dis Child 2000;83:506-7 Guideline to detect SBS in children with fever and petechiae derived from cohort of 55 patients Risk Factors –cap refill > 2 seconds –irritability –lethargy –wbc 15 000 –elevation of CRP > 5 mg/dl sensitivity 100%, specificity 60%, PPV 20%, NPV 100%, NNT 5 no risk - observe 4 hours abnormal CRP or WBC but well, IV Antbx x 48 hours Ill - ICU
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Diagnostic assessment of haemorrhagic rash and fever Nielsen et Al, Arch Dis Child 2001;85:160-165 Prospective non-interventional study enrolled 264 patients –presence of hemorrhage in the skin –rectal temperature greater than 38 o C used logistic regression to determine clinical and laboratory variables predictive of meningococcal disease
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Diagnostic assessment of haemorrhagic rash and fever Nielsen et Al, Arch Dis Child 2001;85:160-165
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Evaluation of Children with Petechial Rashes - Consensus Nelson et al, PIDJ 1998;17:1135-40 –surveyed 833 Pediatricians –non toxic febrile children 1,2,5,and 7 years
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Meningococcemia Mimic a viral like illness first sign may be change in behavior 75% fever 75% petechiae and or purpura - 50% both 50% positive blood cultures 50% meninigitis
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Algorithm – Fever and Petechiae Riordan FAI,Arch Dis Child 2001;85 172-175
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Evaluation of Purpura
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Purpura – Diagnostic Consideration Platelet Disorders Coagulation Factor Deficiency Vascular Factors –Congenital Hereditary Telangectasia Ehrlos Danlos –Acquired Infectious HSP Mechanical Psychogenic Abuse
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Evaluation of Purpura
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Henoch Schonlein Purpura Clinical constellation and rash are diagnostics Males 2:1 over age 2 May have low grade fever Supportive therapy Prednisone 2mg/kg/day –GI, CNS, Testicular Symptoms Albustix at home for 3 months to look for renal involvement Follow Up with PCP
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Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Puprpura 1-4 weeks after a viral illness Bruising and purpura Mucous membrane (nose) bleeds CNS hemorahges < 1% No evidence of hematologic malignancy Treatment –Expectant –Steroid –IVIG
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Wrap -Up Trust your clinical evaluation of the child with fever and petechiae Laboratory test will not offer added information
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