1. HEALTHY YOUTHS: THE FOUNDATION OF A HEALTHY NATION DR.ANI ETOKIDEM HEALTH SUSTENANCE ACTION (ASH) CALABAR EMAIL: anietokidem@yahoo.com

2. WHAT IS HEALTH? WHO definition Health has been defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

3. CRITICISMS OF THE DEFN Completeness State or continuum? The many other states of being

4. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE HEALTH OF YOUTHS SOCIO-CULTURAL PRACTICES FGM Initiation rites STIs as sign of maturity. STIs as sign of maturity. Fattening FatteningECONOMIC Paucity of youth empowerment programs. POLITICAL Lack of or inadequacy of representation Lack of or inadequacy of representation Lack of political will in matters concerning the youth Lack of political will in matters concerning the youth

5. HOW THE YOUTH CAN REMAIN HEALTHY A healthy body is a guest, a sick body is a jailer. Francis Bacon GOOD NUTRITION You are what you eat May your food be your medicine and your medicine be your food. Hippocrates *Others live to eat, but I eat to live….Socrates. *Others live to eat, but I eat to live….Socrates. If there is one sin you should never repent of, it is the sin of eating too little Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson

6. NEED FOR A BALANCED HEALTHY DIET Carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oil, vitamins and minerals and fluids. Essential nutrients to avoid deficiencies and promote optimal growth Excessive amounts of any nutrients increase the risk of chronic diseases Safe Food combinations

7. HOW ABOUT JUNK ? MOST FAST FOODS ARE JUNKS AND ACT FAST IN PUSHING YOU TO THE GRAVE

8. DICTUM Any sweet thing is either illegal, immoral or is not good for health Pause for reflections

9. DISADVANTAGES OF JUNK FOOD Low nutritional value Cost and its implications Too fatty/oily/the frying process Too salty Too sugary Too much preservatives Too much flavorings Too much colorings

10. OBESITY 8 % of Nigerians/ childhood obesity Multi-system effect Hypertension, CAD, Stroke Diabetes mellitus Free oestrogen concentration menstrual irregularities ovarian dysfunction ovarian dysfunction impotence impotence impaired fertility impaired fertilityCancers  Ovarian, breast, colon, endometrium, kidney and oesophagus

11. OBESITY CONTD Respiratory sleep apnoea worsening of existing respiratory problems Psychosocial low self esteem, anxiety, depression and obsessive behaviours Others arthritis, gall bladder disease and gallstones

12. BMI=wt (kg)/height (m 2 ) Classification BMI (kg/m 2 ) Risk of co- morbidity Normal 18.5 - 24.9 Not increased Overweight or pre- obese 25.0 - 29.9 Increased Obesity, further classified as: 30.0 Increased as follows: – Class I 30.0 - 34.9 – Moderate – Class II 35.0 - 39.9 – Severe – Class III 40.0 – Very severe

13. THE FOOD PYRAMID

14. STRESS AND ITS MANAGEMENT WHAT IS STRESS? Two origins: Estresse (French) which means narrowness, and/or strictus (Latin) which means compressed. 17 TH CENTURY :hardship, straits, adversity or affliction” 18 th &19 th Centuries: force, pressure, strain or strong effort, which impact on an object or individual.

15. 20 th Century : Stress is a state that arises when a person encounters a situation he perceives as threatening his physical or psychological wellbeing and he is uncertain as to his capacity to deal with it. Richard Lazarus

16. The fight and flight response. Walter Cannon The reaction of the body to a demand placed on it, which usually requires some adjustment in the status quo. Hans Seyle( modified) Hans Seyle( modified) Our changing world

17. STRESSORS: Anything or situation that causes stress. Internal/External Personality type TYPES OF STRESS Long term Long term Short term Short term Positive Positive Negative Negative Good stress or Eustress Good stress or Eustress Bad stress or Distress Bad stress or Distress

18. Good stress Provides stimulation and challenges and makes life enjoyable, challenging and interesting. It is essential for development, growth and change. Provides stimulation and challenges and makes life enjoyable, challenging and interesting. It is essential for development, growth and change. Bad stress Makes one anxious and irritable, dampens ones spirit, shortens one’s lifespan. Usually a reaction to something negative, some pressure, worry. Usually prompt psychological and physiological changes of an undesirable nature. Makes one anxious and irritable, dampens ones spirit, shortens one’s lifespan. Usually a reaction to something negative, some pressure, worry. Usually prompt psychological and physiological changes of an undesirable nature. ?? Perception ??Poverty?? Riches

19. MANIFESTATIONS OF STRESS

20. PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS OF STRESS Sleep pattern changes Fatigue Digestion changes Loss of sexual drive Headaches/aches and pains InfectionsDizziness Sweating and trembling PalpitationsBreathlessness

21. MENTAL SYMPTOMS Lack of concentration Memory lapses Inability to make decisions ConfusionDisorientation Panic attacks

22. EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS DepressionImpatience Fits of rage Deterioration of personal hygiene and appearance BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS Appetite changes..too much or too little Increased alcohol intake Increased Smoking RestlessnessFidgeting Nail biting

23. MANAGING STRESS RATIONALE: The youthful period is replete with stressors and the youth who desires a healthy future must be equipped with the skills to manage stress. The understanding of stress, its causation and management is important. The National Health Safety & Environment Manager (UK), 80 percent of all modern diseases have their origin in stress

24. MANAGING STRESS IS AS SIMPLE AS A B C

25. A= Awareness What makes you stressed? What are the stressors in your life? Type of stressor ?Internal?External Duration.

26. B=BUILD BUILD YOUR PHYSICAL RESERVES: Exercise for cardiovascular fitness. 20min of exercise 3 times/ week has been suggested (you do not have to join a gym, 20min of brisk walking outdoor will do the trick). Exercise improves blood circulation, lowers BP, clears the mind of worrying thoughts, improves self- image and makes you feel better about yourself etc.

27. B contd. Eat for health – well – balanced nutritious meal with lots of fruits and vegetables. Maintain an ideal weight. Avoid nicotine, caffeine and other stimulants. Mix leisure with work. Get enough sleep. Be consistent with your sleep schedule as much as possible.

28. C=CHANGE Can you change the stress by avoiding or eliminating them completely? Can you reduce their intensity? Can you shorten your exposure to stress (by taking a break, planning some fun, leaving the physical premises)? Can you devote time and energy necessary to making a change (set goal, plan, manage time). C=COPY

29. Are you expecting to please everyone? Are you over reacting and viewing things as absolutely critical and urgent? Do you feel you must always prevail in every situation? Do you feel you must always prevail in every situation? Work at adopting more moderate views. Try to temper your excess emotions. Put situation in perspective. LEARNING TO BE PATIENT The queue technique The queue technique The counting technique The counting technique

30. RESPONSIBLE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR The HIV/AIDS pandemic…facts and figures Oil doom and AIDS boom The vulnerability of youths *adventurism *adventurism *inquisitiveness *inquisitiveness *invincibility *invincibility *immunity ?the second AIDS *immunity ?the second AIDS *poverty, especially feminine *poverty, especially feminine *man must die of something?? *man must die of something?? **paucity of youth friendly policies and programs.

31. REMEMBER THE ABCD OF HIV/AIDS PREVENTION SEXUAL ENJOYMENT AND CONDOM USE. REMEMBER THE DICTUM RESPONSIBLE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR THERE IS TIME FOR EVERYTHING PRIMARILY FOR PROCREATION NOT RECREATION PREPAREDNESS FOR FATHERHOOD AND MOTHERHOOD PREPAREDNESS FOR FATHERHOOD AND MOTHERHOOD

32. SUBSTANCE ABUSE

34. WHAT DIFFERENCE WOUL 11 MINUTES MAKE? WHAT DIFFERENCE WOUL 11 MINUTES MAKE? OR WOULD 55 MINUTES MAKE MORE MEANING?

35. 4,000 chemical substances Over 90% are harmful to health Up to 600 additives allowed Nicotine creates addition. Menthol is also suspected of enabling the smoker to inhale more easily by numbing the throat. Other additives to manipulate the delivery of nicotine with extreme precision. Genetic engineering

36. HEALTH EFFECTS FROM THE WOMB TO THE TOMB MISCARRIAGES PRETERM BIRTHS LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND ITS GAMUT OF HEALTH PROBLEMS SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS) CLEFT PALATE INFERTILITYIMPOTENCE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) CHRONIC COUGH ASTHMA

37. Cancer of the Cervix Cancer of the mouth, Cancer of the lip Cancer of the larynx Cancer of the Pancreatic Cancer of the Bladder Cancer of the Kidney Cancer of the Stomach Cancer of the Liver Leukaemia

38. DECREASE HDL INCREASE LDL ATHEROSCLEROSISHYPERTENSIONSTROKE BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS SEXUAL RISK TAKING BEHAVIOUR FINE DECISIONS

39. HOW TO QUIT SMOKING NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY??? Nicotine gum, Nicotine lozenges Nicotine patch ???availability Nicotine patch ???availability NO DEADLINES SIMPLY STOP Support Groups

40. ALCOHOLISM DECREASED BONE MASS..INCREASED FRACTURES ASSOCIATION WITH CANCERS STOMACHCOLON GALL BLADDER GALL BLADDER UTERUS UTERUS BREAST BREAST OBESITY ….DIABETES ETC ETC

41. ALCOHOLISM HEART DISEASES HYPERTENSION HYPERTENSION CARDIOMYOPATHIES CARDIOMYOPATHIES HEART ATTACK HEART ATTACKIMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS SEXUAL RISK TAKING BEHAVIOUR FINE DECISIONS

42. CULTISM HYDRA-HEADED BRIGHT FUTURES TERMINATED VIOLENCE…INTER CULT, INTRA- CULT, LAW –ENFORCEMENT BLOOD OATH DRUG ABUSE ESPIRIT DE CORPS

43. REGULAR MEDICAL CHECK-UP FRUITS OF YOUTHFUL LABOUR HYPERTENSION DIABETES MELLITUS HIV AND OTHER STIs etc

44. GENES LOAD THE GUN, BUT LIFSTYLE PULLS THE TRIGGER

45. THE WAY FORWARD PARENTS Ensure both a better future for your children and better children for the future. COMMUNITIES Discard certain aspects of cultures that are detrimental to health Facilities for recreation GOVERNMENT Policies and programs that are youth-focused, youth-oriented, youth-friendly &youth-managed. Policies and programs that are youth-focused, youth-oriented, youth-friendly &youth-managed.YOUTHS Avoid ephemeral pleasures that will lead to permanent damage. Avoid ephemeral pleasures that will lead to permanent damage.

46. ALWAYS REMEMBER ALL SWEET THINGS ARE EITHER ALL SWEET THINGS ARE EITHER***ILLEGAL ***IMMORAL OR ***NOT GOOD FOR HEALTH

47. FINALLY THANK YOU FOR YOUR RAPT, UNALLOYED AND UNINTERRUPTED ATTENTION