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Aquatic Biomes Broad aquatic ecological associations can be characterized by their physical environment, chemical environment, geological features, photosynthetic organisms, and heterotrophs
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97% oceans 2% glaciers 1% lakes, rivers, streams Transport over land
Solar energy Net movement of water vapor by wind Precipitation over land Precipitation over ocean Evaporation from ocean Evapotranspiration from land The Water Cycle Water is essential to all organisms 97% of the biosphere’s water is contained in the oceans, 2% is in glaciers and polar ice caps, and 1% is in lakes, rivers, and groundwater Water moves by the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and movement through surface and groundwater Percolation through soil Runoff and groundwater
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fresh water or salt water (marine)
Lakes Coral reefs Rivers Oceanic pelagic and benthic zones Estuaries Intertidal zones Tropic of Cancer Equator Capricorn 30ºN 30ºS Figure The distribution of major aquatic biomes fresh water or salt water (marine) Oceans cover about 75% of Earth’s surface and have an enormous impact on the biosphere
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Inland aquatics “Areas of marsh, fen, peatland, or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, static or flowing, fresh, brackish, or salt, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6 meters” International Union for the Conservation of Nature ENSC 2400 will cover the intertidal in Marine Biomes lecture
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Running water flows down
Standing water – LENTIC systems Flowing water – LOTIC systems
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Oligotrophic lakes Eutrophic Lakes
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Streams and Rivers Current Life Effect of damming
Fig d Streams and Rivers Current Life Effect of damming Figure Aquatic biomes A headwater stream in the Great Smoky Mountains The Mississippi River far from its headwaters
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Wetlands Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia Fig. 52-18c
Figure Aquatic biomes Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia
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Estuaries An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia Fig. 52-18f
Figure Aquatic biomes An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia
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Limnetic zone is too deep
Fig a Littoral zone Limnetic zone Photic zone Pelagic zone Benthic zone Aphotic zone Figure Zonation in aquatic environments Rooted and floating aquatic plants live in the shallow and well-lighted littoral zone Limnetic zone is too deep
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Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Stratification - Dimictic example, effects oxygen and nutrient levels in water Winter 4º 4ºC Spring Summer Autumn Thermocline 2º 0º 5º 6º 8º 18º 20º 22º Figure Seasonal turnover in lakes with winter ice cover
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Hydrology and wetland diversity
Climate (rainfall, temperature, seasonality) Geomorphology (soils, geology, relief) Impact defined by the water budget where the volume of water depends on Precipitation Interception Surface flow Groundwater in and outflow Tidal flow
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Groundwater in and outflow
Water budgets General Marsh – Borders open water (rivers, estuaries), high energy, may be tidal, no OM buildup, plenty of dissolved O2 Swamp – Occur in depressions, low energy, OM buildup – peat formation, low O2 Bog- On level ground high rain, low evaporation, low energy, organic sediment, high water table Precipitation Interception Surface flow Groundwater in and outflow Tidal flow
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Permanence and periodicity
Hydroperiod: Frequency of inundation tidal marsh groundwater fed (constant) vernal pool seasonal rapid flooding from rain or meltwater
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Hydrology factors and results
High energy Low Energy Streams, rivers, tidal marshes High dissolved O2 High flushing Open cycling Erosion dominant Not much organic matter High primary productivity Benthic invertebrates Swamps and bogs and lakes Low dissolved O2 Low flushing Closed nutrient cycling Sedimentation dominant Organic matter accumulates Variable Primary Productivity Benthic/planktonic inverts.
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Human impacts Water removal for human use
Wetlands drained, rivers dammed, groundwater depleted Sustainable water usage requires considering the needs of the environment Global warming effects on montaine snow
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Environmental factors
Light, Temperature, Dissolved O2, pH, Salinity, Nutrients, Stratification
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Light Light penetration depth determines how deep photosynthesis can occur Penetration of light into the water depends on color of the water and turbidity Color – caused by dissolved substances from decaying organic matter Turbidity – from suspended materials (clay, algae) Depends on flow, erosion, rainfall rate
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Human Impacts - Light Clearing vegetation – increased sediment, less shading, quicker photodegradation of organic matter Runoff from impermeable surfaces (roads) Nutrients in sediments cause algal blooms, clog gills, increase turbidity for other aquatic vegetation
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Temperature and Dissolved O2
Dissolved O2 (DO) Temperature more variable due to shallower depth Changes seasonally or daily Affects stratification, metabolism Affects dissolved O2 Human impacts include: Tree clearing reduces shading Warm/cold water pollution release from power plants or dams Depends on energy of system, temp, photosynthesis, and stratification Used during respiration and decomposition Fish kills occur when DO is low Secondary human impacts due to effects on other things like temperature
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pH (acidity), Salinity pH Salinity Salts
Decreases due to decomposition Reduces wetland metabolism at extremes (peat or limestone bogs) Human impacts include acid rain (Nox, SO2) from power generation , acid sulfate soils in depleted waters. Lowered pH increases availability of heavy metals which then kills fish Heavy metal waters can pollute groundwater Salts Fresh water, brackish, sea water, salt marsh, hypersaline Changes in salt concentration affect osmoregulation of animals
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pH (acidity), Salinity pH Salinity Salts
Decreases due to decomposition Reduces wetland metabolism at extremes (peat or limestone bogs) Human impacts include acid rain (Nox, SO2) from power generation , acid sulfate soils in depleted waters. Lowered pH increases availability of heavy metals which then kills fish Heavy metal waters can pollute groundwater Salts Fresh water, brackish, sea water, salt marsh, hypersaline Changes in salt concentration affect osmoregulation of animals Human impacts: secondary salinity (removal of deeper rooted perennials with shallow rooted annuals, or through irrigation ) causes salts from the soil to rise and stay in surface soil. Then runoff adds salinity to waterways.
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NO3 – NH3 NH4 + NO2 – N2 in atmosphere Assimilation Denitrifying
Fig c N2 in atmosphere Assimilation Denitrifying bacteria NO3 – Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Decomposers Nitrifying bacteria The Terrestrial Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is a component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids The main reservoir of nitrogen is the atmosphere (N2), though this nitrogen must be converted to NH4+ or NO3– for uptake by plants, via nitrogen fixation by bacteriaOrganic nitrogen is decomposed to NH4+ by ammonification, and NH4+ is decomposed to NO3– by nitrification Denitrification converts NO3– back to N2 Ammonification Nitrification NH3 NH4 + NO2 – Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Nitrifying bacteria
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Precipitation Geologic Weathering uplift of rocks Runoff Consumption
Fig d Precipitation Geologic uplift Weathering of rocks Runoff Consumption Decomposition Plant uptake of PO43– Plankton Dissolved PO43– Soil Uptake Leaching The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus is a major constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and ATP Phosphate (PO43–) is the most important inorganic form of phosphorus The largest reservoirs are sedimentary rocks of marine origin, the oceans, and organisms Phosphate binds with soil particles, and movement is often localized Sedimentation
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Oligotrophic lakes Eutrophic Lakes
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Eutrophication When excess nitrogen and phosphorus is discharged from the watershed, massive algal blooms develop which result in the depletion of dissolved oxygen.
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A Dead Zone 6,000-7,000 sq miles develops
Pollution A Dead Zone 6,000-7,000 sq miles develops
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