1. Module 11
Types of Memory

2. INTRODUCTION Definitions Memory
ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving
Encoding
refers to making mental representations of information so that it can be placed into our memories

3. INTRODUCTION Definitions Storing
process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental storage for later recall
Retrieving
process of getting or recalling information that has been placed into short-term or long-term storage

4. THREE TYPES OF MEMORY Sensory memory
refers to an initial process that receives and holds environmental information in its raw form for a brief period of time, from and instant to several seconds
Short-term memory
also called working-memory, refers to another process that can hold only a limited amount of information, an average of seven items - 2 to 30 seconds
Long-term memory
refers to the process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time

5. THREE TYPES OF MEMORY (CONT.)
Memory processes
sensory memory
do not pay attention, information is forgotten
pay attention, information is automatically transferred into short-term memory
short-term memory
do not pay attention
information is not encoded and is forgotten
long-term memory
encoded information will remain on a relatively permanent basis

6. p240 THREE TYPES MEMORY

7. SENSORY MEMORY: RECORDING
Iconic memory
form of sensory memory that automatically holds visual information for about a quarter of a second or more; as soon as you shift your attention, the information disappears
Echoic memory
form of sensory memory that holds auditory information for 1 to 2 seconds

8. SENSORY MEMORY: RECORDING (CONT.)
Functions of sensory memory
prevents being overwhelmed
gives decision time
provides stability, playback, and recognition

9. SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING
Definition
refers to a process that can hold a limited amount of information-an average of seven items-for a limited period of time –2 to 30 seconds
Two features
limited duration
maintenance rehearsal
refers to the practice of intentionally repeating or rehearsing information so that it remains longer in short-term memory

10. SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING (CONT.)
Two features
limited capacity
Interference
results when new information enters short-term memory and overwrites or pushes out information that is already there
Chunking
combining separate items of information into a larger unit, or chunk, and then remembering chunks of information rather than individual items

11. SHORT TERM MEMORY: WORKING (CONT.)
Functions of short-tem memory
Attending
selectively attend to information that is relevant and disregard everything else
Rehearsing
allows you to hold information for a short period of time until you decide what to do with it
Storing
helps to store or encode information in long-term memory

12. LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING
Putting information into long-term memory
Long-term memory
refers to the process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time with the potential of retrieving, or remembering, such information in the future
Encoding
process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory by paying attention to it, repeating or rehearsing it, or forming new associations
Retrieving
process of selecting information from long-term memory and transferring it back into short-term memory

13. LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)
Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative
Declarative memory
involves memories for facts or events, such as scenes, stories, words, conversations, faces, or daily events
Semantic memory
type of declarative memory and that involves knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions, and language rules

14. LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)
Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative
Episodic memory
type of declarative memory and that involves knowledge of specific events, personal experiences (episodes), or activities, such as naming or describing favorite restaurants, or hobbies

15. LONG-TERM MEMORY: STORING (CONT.)
Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative
Procedural or nondeclarative memory
involves memories for motor skills (playing tennis), some cognitive behaviors learned through classical conditioning

16. ENCODING: TRANSFERING
Two kinds of encoding
Automatic encoding
transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory without any effort and usually without any awareness
personal events
interesting facts
skills and habits

17. ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.)
Two kinds of encoding
Effortful encoding
involves the transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory either by working hard to repeat or rehearse the information or, especially, by making associations between new and old information

18. ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.)
Rehearsing and encoding
Maintenance rehearsal
refers to simply repeating or rehearsing the information rather than forming any new associations
Elaborative rehearsal
involves using effort to actively make meaningful associations between new information that you wish to remember and old or familiar information that is already stored in long-term memory

19. ENCODING: TRANSFERING (CONT.)
Levels of processing
theory says that remembering depends on how information is encoded
shallow processing: poor recall
deeper and deepest processing: encode by making new association

20. REPRESSED MEMORIES Definition of repressed memory
the process by which the mind pushes a memory of some threatening or traumatic event deep into the unconscious mind
Implanting false memories
studies on implanting false memories simply show that a false suggestion can grow into a vivid, detailed, and believable personal memory