1. NON-ELECTRONIC SOURCES OF BIOGEOGRAPHICAL DATA Daphne G. Fautin Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and KU Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center

2. Electronic data are essential in addressing important oceanographic questions among them those involving ecology including biodiversity and biogeography

3. Oceanographic data acquired electronically Lack taxonomic resolution Differ fundamentally from biological data Lack historical dimension To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data Requires human intervention In the field In museums In publication/capture from publication Is no more costly than remote sensing Is essential to many scientific and societal issues

4. May explain organism distribution but does not show organisms

5. “Two beautiful SeaWiFS satellite images of blooms off Newfoundland in the western Atlantic, the left-hand on 21st July 1999, the right-hand one on 16th July 2000.” http://www.soes.soton.ac.uk/staff/tt/eh/satbloompics.html

6. “Two more stunning SeaWiFS satellite images of a probable (no ships have ever taken water samples to confirm them there) coccolithophore bloom cradling the Falkland Islands (Patagonian Shelf), the left-hand one on 29th November 1999, the right-hand one two weeks later on 13th December. Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE.” http://www.soes.soton.ac.uk/staff/tt/eh/satbloompics.html

7. Oceanographic data acquired electronically Lack taxonomic resolution Differ fundamentally from biological data Lack historical dimension To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data Requires human intervention In the field In museums In publication/capture from publication Is no more costly than remote sensing Is essential to many scientific and societal issues

8. http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/PSB/EPS/SST/climo&hot.html Current Potential Coral Reef Bleaching Hot Spots

9. DID CORALS BLEACH ?? WHICH TAXA ?? TO WHAT EXTENT ?? TO WHAT DEPTH ??

10. biologically meaningful questions involving biogeography and biodiversity environmental data AND data on distribution of (identified) organisms

11. Oceanographic data acquired electronically Lack taxonomic resolution Differ fundamentally from biological data Lack historical dimension To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data Requires human intervention In the field In museums In publication/capture from publication Is no more costly than remote sensing Is essential to many scientific and societal issues

12. Discontinuous/discrete Heterogeneous

14. Oceanographic data acquired electronically Lack taxonomic resolution Differ fundamentally from biological data Lack historical dimension To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data Requires human intervention In the field In museums In publication/capture from publication Is no more costly than remote sensing Is essential to many scientific and societal issues

15. SOURCES OF DATA on identified, georeferenced organisms – back in time MUSEUM SPECIMENS PUBLISHED LITERATURE

16. An On-line Atlas of Marine Diversity National Science Foundation grant OCE 00-03970 (NOPP)

18. Swedish Museum of Natural History California Academy of Sciences

19. Substantial changes in data hardly affected trends

20. Oceanographic data acquired electronically Lack taxonomic resolution Differ fundamentally from biological data Lack historical dimension To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data Requires human intervention In the field In museums In publication/capture from publication Is no more costly than remote sensing Is essential to many scientific and societal issues

21. “Two beautiful SeaWiFS satellite images of blooms off Newfoundland in the western Atlantic, the left-hand on 21st July 1999, the right-hand one on 16th July 2000. Humanity has invested billions of dollars putting satellites into space; these images are part of the reward. Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE.” http://www.soes.soton.ac.uk/staff/tt/eh/satbloompics.html

22. Expenses the community has agreed to share Sensing and receiving equipment Development Installation Maintenance Data Processing Serving Archiving

23. Oceanographic data acquired electronically Lack taxonomic resolution Differ fundamentally from biological data Lack historical dimension To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data Requires human intervention In the field In museums In publication/capture from publication Is no more costly than remote sensing Is essential to many scientific and societal issues

24. What / where ECONOMIC fisheries areas (open and closed) dive sites CONSERVATION invasive species protected areas ACADEMIC centers of diversity -- in space and time habitat preferences

25. National Science Foundation grants OCE 00-03970 (NOPP) to Daphne G. Fautin and Robert W. Buddemeier DEB95-21819, DEB 99-78106 (PEET) to Daphne G. Fautin Students and colleagues who have contributed data, time, and ideas -- especially Adorian Ardelean

26. BIOGEOINFORMATICS : CHALLENGES AT THE INTERSECTION OF BIOLOGICAL, BIOGEOCHEMICAL, AND PHYSICAL DATA OVER MULTIPLE SCALES OF SPACE AND TIME Robert W. Buddemeier Daphne G. Fautin Karen Stocks