1. DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISM S

2. Basis of Classification
Why do we classify things?
* Classification provides scientists and students a way to sort and group organisms for easier study. * There are millions of organisms on the earth! (approximately 1.5 million have been already named)
Organisms are classified by their: * physical structure (how they look) * evolutionary relationships * embryonic similarities (embryos) * genetic similarities (DNA) * biochemical similarities

3. Kingdom : Monera

4. e.g. Spirulina, Oscillatoria.
(1) Nucleus :
   (a) Organisms of this kingdom do not possess a well-developed nucleus.    (b) Nucleolus and nuclear membrane are absent.    (c) The genetic material occurs in the form of a mass of nucleoproteins.
(2) Organelles of cytoplasm :Membranous organelles are also absent in the cell.
(3) Types : Bacteria are the sole members of the kingdom Monera. This kingdom is divided into two divisions.
(a) Schizophyta or Bacteria, (b) Cyanophyta (4)Nutrition: Bacteria live mainly as transformers, decomposers and also as parasites, e.g. E.coli Cyanophyta are also known as blue-green algae or cyanobacteria. They are autotrophic and posses photosynthetic pigments.
e.g. Spirulina, Oscillatoria.  

5. Kingdom : Protista

6. (1) Structure :    Organisms are unicellular or multicellular.
(2) Nucleus :    They possess a well developed nucleus.
(3) Organelles :    Membranous organelles like mitochodria, golgibody etc. are present. They do not exhibit division of labor.
(4) Method of nutrition :    They are autotrophic, heterotrophic and symbiotic methods of nutritions. Accordingly, protista are classified into autotrophs, phagotrophs or heterotrophs and symbionts.
e.g. Algae, Protozoa and Fungi.

7. Kingdom: Fungi

8. (1) Cellwall :     It is made up of chitin and cellulose or chitin.
(2) Organelles :     Mitochondria with flat cristae, organelles like lomasomes which are responsible for chemical constitution or Cellwall and Scattered ribosomes are representative characters of fungi.

9. The fungal cell wall is composed of glucans and chitin
(3) Nutrition :  They exhibit saprophytic or parasitic mode of nutrition.
(4) Body organization :
 Their body is called mycelium and the filament – like structures are called hyphae. (singular : hypha)
(5) Example : Yeast, mucor.

10. The chart given below briefly outlines the classification of The plant kingdom

11. The Animal Kingdom is divided in several phyla mainly on the basis of the cell organisation, symmetry, presence or absence of notochord and body cavity. Animals are arranged progressively from simple single-celled protozoans to highly complex mammals. Given below are some of the main characteristics of each phyla.

12. Phylum: Porifera (the sponges)

13. The simplest multicellular animals
The simplest multicellular animals. The cells are loosely held together and do not form tissues
Aquatic in habitat (mostly marine)
The body is covered with pores
Food and oxygen enter the organism along with water into a canal system
They are non-motile animals attached to some solid support
Reproduction may be sexual, asexual or budding
Example: Sycon, Spongilla, Euptectella

14. Phylum: Coelenterate

15. Colentrates show more body desigh differentiation
These animals live in water
Colentrates show more body desigh differentiation
The body is made up of two layers of cells- one makes up cells on the outside and other makes the inner lining of the body
Some of the species live in colonies(corals) while others have a solitary life-span
E.g. Sea anemone, Jellyfish

16. Phylum: Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

17. Simplest triploblastic organisms showing bilateral symmetry
Mostly parasites in other animals
Body in dorsoventrally flat and leaf-like or ribbon-like with bilateral symmetry
The body cavity has only one opening which serves as both the mouth and the anus
Example: Planaria, Liver Fluke, Tape Worm

18. Phylum: Nematoda

19. Triploblastic body showing bilateral symmetry
Parasitic or free living
Body is long, smooth and cylindrical
Alimentary canal begins with the mouth and ends with the anus
Example: Ascaris (Round worm), Enterobius (Pinworm)

20. Phylum: Annelida(Segmented worms)

21. )
These animals are found in a variety of habitats- fresh water, marine water as well as land
They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic animals
Annelids are the first animals with true body cavity
They have metameric segmentation with extensive body differentiation
E.g. Earthworm, Leech

22. Phylum Arthropoda (animals with jointed legs)

23. This is the largest phylum with almost 80% of the animal kingdom
Body is bilaterally symmetrical and segmented. It is divided into head, thorax and abdomen
Possess jointed legs which may be modified for walking, swimming feeding and feeling
The coelomic cavity is blood-filled
Open circulatory system is present
E.g. Prawn, Butterfly, Spider, Mosquito

24. Phylum: Mollusca (soft-bodied animals)

25. Aquatic in habitat but some land forms are also seen
Bilateral symmetry is present
The coelomic cavity is reduced and there is little segmentation
Open circulatory system is present and kidney-like organs for excretion
The soft body is supported by a hard shell
Locomotion is brought about with muscular foot
E.g. Octopus, Pila

26. Phylum Echinodermata (spiny-skinned animals)

27. Marine in habitat
Body is triploblastic and has a coelomic cavity
They have a peculiar water-driven tube system for locomotion
Skeleton is made of hard calcium carbonate structures
E.g. Star fish, Sea cucumber

28. Protochordata

29. They are exclusively marine, triploblastic and coelomate
Bilateral symmetry is present
A long rod-like support structure called notochord is present at some stage of life.
E.g. Balanoglossus

31. Sub-phylum Vertebrata
This includes the majority of chordates
Head is prominent
Nervous system and exoskeleton are highly developed
Notochord is replaced by a jointed vertebral column
Two pairs of appendages (limbs)
Aquatic animals have gills
Vertebrates are grouped into five classes:
Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia

32. Class: Pisces

33. These are fishes and exclusively water living animals
The body is covered with scales
Body - streamlined
Fins – present, limbs -absent
Muscle tails is present which is used for movement
Respiration through gills
Cold-blooded, two chambered heart
egg laying.

34. They are two types based on
The nature of their skeletons: 1) Cartilaginous fish- Their skeleton is made of cartilage such as sharks, rays etc.

35. 2) Bony fish- Their skeleton is made of bones such as Rohu, Seahorse etc.

36. Class: Amphibia

37. Live in both water and on land
Respiration is by gills, lungs or skin
3 chambered heart
Is cold blooded
Have two pairs of pentadactyl (5 digit) limbs which may be absent in some cases
They lay eggs
E.g. Frog, Salamanders

38. Class: Reptilia

39. Mostly terrestrial
Heart is 3 chambered, is cold blooded
Breathe through lungs
Body covered with scales
Have two pairs of pentadactyl (five digit) limbs which are absent in snakes
They lay eggs
The heart is three-chambered
E.g. Snakes, Lizards, Crocodiles.

40. Class: Aves (birds)

41. Arboreal in habitat i.e., they live on trees
Warm blooded. 4 chambered heart
Body covered with feathers
Lungs have membranous extensions called air sacs to make the body light
Mouth is surrounded by a beak. Teeth are absent
Fore-limbs are modified into wings
E.g. Sparrow, Pigeon

42. Class: Mammalia (Mammals)

43. Most intelligent of all organisms
Warm blooded with 4 chambered heart
Give birth to young ones
The mother suckles her young ones on milk secreted by special glands called mammary glands
Body covered with hair
Have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs
Breathe through lungs
E.g. Humans, Whales, Elephant

44. Nomenclature
Carl Linnaeus, father of modern botany, was a Swedish naturalist who laid the foundation of modern classification and nomenclature in He devised a binomial system of nomenclature (naming system) in which an organism is given two names:
A generic name (name of genus) which it shares with other closely related organisms which has features similar enough to place them in the same group.
A specific name (name of species) which distinguishes the organism from all other species. No other organism can have the same combination of genus and species.
The scientific name derived by using the system of nomenclature is followed all over the world as they are guided by a set of rules stated in the International Code of Nomenclature

45. The scientific name derived by using the system of nomenclature is followed all over the world as they are guided by a set of rules stated in the International Code of Nomenclature.
E.g. Mango (Mangifera indica)
Tiger (Panthera tigris)

46. The end