1. Air Pollution

2. What is air pollution? The presence of chemicals in the atmosphere in quantities and duration that are harmful to human health and the environment. Two types of pollutants: – Primary pollutants : products of natural events (like fires and volcanic eruptions) and human activities added directly to the air – Secondary pollutants - formed by interaction of primary pollutants with each other or with normal components of the air

3. Air Pollutants Carbon oxides (CO & CO2) – sources = incomplete combustion of fossil fuels transportation, industry, & home heating – CO 2 is an important greenhouse gas – CO (carbon monoxide) the most abundant pollutant know to affect human health combines with hemoglobin & may create problems for infants, the elderly, & those with heart or respiratory diseases

4. Air Pollutants Sulfur oxides (mainly SO2, or sulfur dioxide) – source = combustion of coal & oil (esp. coal) SO 2 released in the U.S. comes from: – utilities 69.5% – industrial manufacturing processes 12.7% – industrial combustion 11.6% – transportation 3.7% – other sources 2.5%.

5. Air Pollutants Sulfur Oxides continued… – can react with gases in atmosphere to form sulfuric acid ('acid rain') – 20 million tons released in U.S. every year – Exposure to SO2 can cause impairment of respiratory function, aggravation of existing respiratory disease (especially bronchitis), and a decrease in the ability of the lungs to clear foreign particles. It can also lead to increased mortality, especially if elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) are also present. Groups that appear most sensitive to the effects of SO2 include asthmatics and other individuals with hyperactive airways, and individuals with chronic obstructive lung or cardiovascular disease. Elderly people and children are also likely to be more sensitive to SO2.

6. Air Pollutants Nitrogen oxides - NO (nitric oxide) & NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) – source = motor vehicles & industry (burning fossil fuels) – can react with other gases in atmosphere to from nitric acid (HNO3) ('acid rain')

7. Smog forms from mixture of primarily nitrogen oxides (from vehicles), volatile organic compounds, & sunlight complex mixture of gases but primarily ozone more common in cities with sunny, dry, warm climates, such as Los Angeles, Denver, Salt Lake City, Sydney, & Mexico City

8. Smog Photochemical smog is formed when primary pollutants react with ultraviolet light to create a variety of toxic and reactive compounds. The class "London smog" comes from large amounts of coal burning in an area, causing a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. It's very black, and seriously darkens the sky. Inhaling this type of smog can easily lead to silicosis ("Black Lung"), which is a problem that in earlier decades of even the 20th century was a common death ailment among coal- mine workers (among others).

9. Acid Rain "Acid rain" is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. The precursors, or chemical forerunners, of acid rain formation result from both natural sources, such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation, and man- made sources, primarily emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen oxides (NO x )resulting from fossil fuel combustion.sulfur dioxide (SO 2 )nitrogen oxides (NO x )

10. Effects of Air Pollution Much evidence links air pollutants to respiratory & other diseases in humans Examples of air pollution-related diseases: – Pulmonary irritation & impaired lung function: chronic bronchitis emphysema – Cancer – Systemic toxicity: Lead Mercury – Increased susceptibility to disease