1. Modern Governments of Africa

2. Republic of Kenya Positions of chief of state and head of government are both held by the president. Positions of chief of state and head of government are both held by the president. The roles of the president and prime minister are not well defined, constitutionally, but the prime minister is charged with coordinating government business The roles of the president and prime minister are not well defined, constitutionally, but the prime minister is charged with coordinating government business Cabinet is appointed by the president and headed by the prime minister, who is the leader of the largest party in parliament Cabinet is appointed by the president and headed by the prime minister, who is the leader of the largest party in parliament elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); in addition to receiving the largest number of votes in absolute terms, the presidential candidate must also win 25% or more of the vote in at least five of Kenya's seven provinces and one area to avoid a runoff elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); in addition to receiving the largest number of votes in absolute terms, the presidential candidate must also win 25% or more of the vote in at least five of Kenya's seven provinces and one area to avoid a runoff Freedom to vote is written into constitution but the government is dominated by the president. Freedom to vote is written into constitution but the government is dominated by the president. Legislative and Judicial branches Legislative and Judicial branches 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western Independence : 12 December 1963 (from the UK) Independence : 12 December 1963 (from the UK)

3. Republic of South Africa Positions of chief of state and head of government are both held by the president. Positions of chief of state and head of government are both held by the president. Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term. Legislative and Judicial branches as well. Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term. There are Legislative and Judicial branches as well. 9 provinces; Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, North-West, Western Cape 9 provinces; Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, North-West, Western Cape 31 May 1910 (Union of South Africa formed from four British colonies: Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State); 31 May 1961 (republic declared) 27 April 1994 (majority rule) 31 May 1910 (Union of South Africa formed from four British colonies: Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State); 31 May 1961 (republic declared) 27 April 1994 (majority rule)

4. Republic of Sudan Positions of chief of state and head of government are both held by the president. Positions of chief of state and head of government are both held by the president. Current president in office since 1993 Current president in office since 1993 Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - the National Congress Party or NCP (formerly the National Islamic Front or NIF) dominates al-BASHIR's cabinet Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - the National Congress Party or NCP (formerly the National Islamic Front or NIF) dominates al-BASHIR's cabinet Most governments positions are appointed. People have few choices to vote unless they are associated with the NCP Most governments positions are appointed. People have few choices to vote unless they are associated with the NCP Republic as name indicates. 3 branches: Executive, Judicial and Legislative Republic as name indicates. 3 branches: Executive, Judicial and Legislative Election last held 13-23 December 2000; next to be held April 2010 Election last held 13-23 December 2000; next to be held April 2010 election results: Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president; percent of vote - Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR 86.5%, Ja'afar Muhammed NUMAYRI 9.6%, three other candidates received a combined vote of 3.9%; election widely viewed as rigged; all popular opposition parties boycotted elections because of a lack of guarantees for a free and fair election election results: Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president; percent of vote - Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR 86.5%, Ja'afar Muhammed NUMAYRI 9.6%, three other candidates received a combined vote of 3.9%; election widely viewed as rigged; all popular opposition parties boycotted elections because of a lack of guarantees for a free and fair election The Darfur conflict, the aftermath of two decades of civil war in the south, the lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and a reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture ensure much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years despite rapid rises in average per capita income. The Darfur conflict, the aftermath of two decades of civil war in the south, the lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and a reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture ensure much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years despite rapid rises in average per capita income.

5. Factors that impact access to education: Kenya and Sudan Kenya has improved their literacy rate in recent years for both males and females. For elementary school 85%, high school 24% and college, 2%. Kenya has improved their literacy rate in recent years for both males and females. For elementary school 85%, high school 24% and college, 2%. The rate is higher in the cities than in the countries for both genders. The rate is higher in the cities than in the countries for both genders. There is a gender gap for education as the cultural view, is that males need an education to get a better job, females need only prepare for marriage. There is a gender gap for education as the cultural view, is that males need an education to get a better job, females need only prepare for marriage.

6. Sudan Sudan's ten year civil war in the south and the west has reduced the literacy rate to 61%. Sudan's ten year civil war in the south and the west has reduced the literacy rate to 61%. Similar to Kenya, the education rate is higher in the cities than in the rural areas. Similar to Kenya, the education rate is higher in the cities than in the rural areas. The education of males is a higher priority than of females and the educational reform of the 1990’s emphasized religious education of the students. The education of males is a higher priority than of females and the educational reform of the 1990’s emphasized religious education of the students. The gender gap for education, is that males need an education to get a better job, females need only prepare for marriage. The little money they have should be spent on their son’s education. This belief is strong in the rural or traditional communities and parents do not want their daughters to go to public school to learn bad behavior. The gender gap for education, is that males need an education to get a better job, females need only prepare for marriage. The little money they have should be spent on their son’s education. This belief is strong in the rural or traditional communities and parents do not want their daughters to go to public school to learn bad behavior.