1. Cryptic Seed Orchard Dysfunctions The case of Larix decidua x L. kaempferi Results from Denmark

4. Danish Seed orchards in production (1947->) FP.201Larix x eurolepis FP.202Fraxinus excelsior FP.203Larix x eurolepis FP.205Larix x eurolepis FP.209Picea abies FP.210Pseudotsuga menziesii FP.211Larix x eurolepis FP.212Fraxinus excelsior FP.227Pinus sylvestris FP.228Pseudotsuga menziesii FP.229Pseudotsuga menziesii FP.234Pinus sylvestris FP.237Larix x eurolepis FP.238Picea sitchensis FP.240Picea abies FP.241Picea abies FP.243Picea sitchensis FP.257Pinus sylvestris FP.259Abies nordmanniana FP.285Larix kaempferi FP.309Pinus contorta FP.601Larix kaempferi FP.608Picea sitchensis FP.611Picea sitchensis FP.615Larix kaempferi FP.618Larix x eurolepis FP.622Pices sitchensis FP.623Abies procera FP.625Picea sitchensis FP.626Larix x eurolepis FP.636Larix x eurolepis FP.639Fraxinus excelsior FP.644Betula pendula FP.645Betula pubscens FP.784Fraxinus excelsior FP.785Acer platanoides FP.788Betula pendula FP.789Betula pubescens FP.1100Abies nordmanniana

5. Hybrid superiority 25 years from planting, average of 2 sites

6. Design

7. 1 clone L. kaempferi 2-5 clones L. decidua

8. Design 1 clone L. decidua 2-15 clones or Full sib family or Selfed family L. Kaempferi

9. Design 1 clone L. decidua 2-15 clones or Full sib family or Selfed family L. Kaempferi Seed crop Hybrids Selfed

10. Test for hybrids Allozymes SSR markers cpDNA ; mtDNA (Acheré et al. 2004)

11. Test for hybrids Allozymes SSR markers cpDNA ; mtDNA (Acheré et al. 2004) Paternanity Cp-markerll-TaqI 481 601

12. Hybrid larch ?

13. Hybrids? FP 244

14. Hybrids? FP 244 FP 205

15. Hybrid superiority 25 years from planting, average of 2 sites

16. Hybrids? FP 244 FP 205

17. Hybrids? FP 244 FP 205 + FP 618

18. Hybrids? FP 244 FP 205 + FP 618

19. Hybrids? FP 244 FP 205 FP 203 + FP 618

20. Hybrids? FP 244 FP 205 FP 203 + FP 618

21. Hybrids? FP 244 FP 205 FP 203 + FP 618

22. Hybrids? FP 244 FP 205 FP 203 + FP 618

23. Hybrids? FP 244 FP 205 FP 203 FP 201 FP 211 FP 237 + FP 618

24. Hybrids? + Hybrid % in a given Seed Orchards may vary substantially from year to year FP 205 FP 244 FP 203

25. Zygotic selection Whats happends after sowing? During germination Growth in the nursery Culling in the nursery before selling Growth in the Forests after planting

26. Germin. Interval Hybrid seed Selfed seed Hybrid % 11410.93 (0.06) 226110.70 (0.08) 316150.52 (0.08) 4340.43 (0.17) 5030.00 (0.00) Total59340.63 (0.05) Zygotic selection - germination time Hybrid fraction according to germination interval FP205 (2004): Hybrid= 63%

27. Hybrid percent Depends on the sampled germination window … - What is a suitable time window?

28. Zygotic selection – In the Nursery upto Seedlings 11% -> 11% Bare roots Plug+1

29. 32% -> 45% Bare roots Zygotic selection – In the Nursery upto Seedlings

30. Hybrid percent Depends on the applied nursery grading E.g. from 70% – 11% -What is a suitable culling regime? -Should all nurseries test before selling?

31. Zygotic selection – In the Forest after 18 years

32. Conclusion? Important to know what’s going on in the CSOs Test every seedlot Need for minimum acceptable Hybrid% ? Need for minimum acceptable culling? Production technique?

33. Involved staff Lars Nørgaard Hansen, UoC Erik Dahl Kjær, UoC Viggo Jensen, UoC Lotte Hougs, The Danish Plant Directorate Henrik Gade Knudsen, Thanks to The Danish Forest and Nature Agency for financial support