1. New Frontiers in Mapping Biodiversity Specimen Data Gail E. Kampmeier Illinois Natural History Survey Institute of Natural Resource Sustainability University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 7th International Congress of Dipterology Symposium: Getting Diptera taxonomy up-to-date: New frontiers & the Web

2. What Does this Mean for Dipterists?  Short-term goals  Publication  Looking for trends  Where do species exist relative to one another? In geologic time  Finding outliers in your data (data cleaning)  Planning collecting expeditions for fresh specimens  Providing checklists of species  Meeting the terms of a grant or project

3. Long-term Goals  Synergy of combining your data with that of others  Analyze trends with diverse & more comprehensive data sets  Reveal how species respond to environmental changes  Contributes to land management decisions  Indicators of environmental health  Range expansion or extinction  Potential for invasive species  Google, LifeMapper, DesktopGARP, OpenModeler, & Spire: ELVIS  Many other uses http://www.biogeomancer.org/bg_library/references/uses/ http://www.biogeomancer.org/bg_library/references/uses/  Improve the ease of sharing data

4.  Ratified in October 2009, the DwC includes not only descriptive political & geographical terms, but extensive ability to record georeferencing terms  Verbatim  Interpreted  Datum  Uncertainty  Precision  Protocol  Sources  Status Standards: Darwin Core (DwC)

5. Fitness-for-Use  For some applications, data quality may be low (e.g., accurate to the county/province level) but adequate for the scale of the question being asked: Does this species occur in Costa Rica?  However, Does this species occur with this soil type or habitat type? will require more accurate & precise data http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision

6. Data Cleaning Services to Detect, Flag, & Correct Where  Initial data not accurate and/or precise  Misspellings/non-standard abbreviations  Incomplete/ambiguous locality/collecting event descriptions  Errors introduced during data entry  Decimal point misplaced  Wrong hemisphere or doesn’t match locality string  Latitude/Longitude values flipped  Errors converting to decimal lat/long http://biodivertido.blogspot.com/2009/02/grid-data-shared-as-point- data-errors.html http://biodivertido.blogspot.com/2009/02/grid-data-shared-as-point- data-errors.html  Geodetic datum unspecified or incorrect from GPS measurements (see why this is important: http://zistmz.blogspot.com/2009/05/gps-coordinate-systems-google- earth.html) http://zistmz.blogspot.com/2009/05/gps-coordinate-systems-google- earth.html

7. Why Should We Care? The Issues:  Errors erode confidence in user community  Data errors cause misinterpretation of results when used in analyses  Duplication of effort  Lack of awareness/coordination of efforts  Territoriality of politically-based funding sources  Beta, Demo, Proposed…  Ephemerality of politically-based funding sources  Multistep process  Detecting anomalous data by expanding Temporal coverage Species distribution models; checklists Languages of existing tools, (oeste = west = W = O)  Reporting errors to data provider  Resolving/correcting errors at source

8. Early Tools for Retrospective Georeferencing  Paper gazetteers & maps  Helpful for legacy datasets particularly where political boundaries have changed or entities are not well documented  Require expert knowledge to interpret  Desktop gazetteers – Microsoft Encarta (late 1990’s only) (PC only)  Fuzzy spelling accepted  Would measure displacements

9. Current Tools for Georeferencing  Online Gazetteers  Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN) http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/tgn/ http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/tgn/  Annotated lists of gazetteers http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/research/mandala/geocoding.html http://www.herpnet.org/Gazetteer/GeorefResources.htm  Online Mapping  Google Maps http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&tab=wl http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&tab=wl  Google Earth http://earth.google.com/intl/en/ http://earth.google.com/intl/en/  DiscoverLife.org – create albums with photos http://pick14.pick.uga.edu/pa/ph/ http://pick14.pick.uga.edu/pa/ph/  Automated Georeferencing  BioGeoMancer Classic & Workbench

10. GEOLocate Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, Liberia, Stor Santa Rosa

11. Georeferencing - Prospective  GPS (Global Positioning System) unit or mobile phone  Taken to the field – calibration errors possible; geodetic datum not set or noted  Single reading taken at start, while collector roams wide area  Specimens mobile or collected in flight  Precision & uncertainty of measurement 30 m uncertainty is considered normal for GPS reading http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/index.htm#coordinateUncertaintyInMeters http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/index.htm#coordinateUncertaintyInMeters GPS precision for decimal degrees, 0.00001precision  Logging into your database on the go  From iPhone to Filemaker Go http://www.supportgroup.com/explore/geolocation-with-filemaker-go/ http://www.supportgroup.com/explore/geolocation-with-filemaker-go/

12. GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility)  Best known  Provides leadership & some seed funding to support  Standards development  Global catalog of taxonomic names  Biodiversity data mobilization

13. Label data Record provenance & Taxonomic Name

14. AntWeb in Google Earth Community showcase Only ants

15. Atlas of Living Australia (ALA)  Public launch of their geospatial portal planned for October 2010 http://www.ala.org.au/ http://www.ala.org.au/  Environmental & contextual data linked to georeferenced specimens & observations 250 layers from the Australian Environmental GIS library Partnering with ERIN (Environmental Resources Information Network) http://www.environment.gov.au/erin/ http://www.environment.gov.au/erin/ Australia was pioneer in digitizing its collections, convincing politicians of the economic sense of linking the museum holdings

16.  Audience for ALA is very broad, hope to answer Where is this thing? What things occur in this area – with 6 different ways to define “area”  Will exist in the cloud  Will include links to Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) Citizen science Video images Keys DNA – Dan Faith’s phylogenetic diversity http://en.scientificcommons.org/daniel_p_faith http://en.scientificcommons.org/daniel_p_faith  Will have Creative Commons licensing From Skype with Lee Belbin, ALA Geospatial Team Leader; misinterpretations derived are my own. --gk

17. Is the Future in the Cloud? J.A. Olson (2010) Data as a Service: Are we in the clouds?  Daas (Data as a Service)  Clearinghouse style environment – remote data storage & maintenance usually provided by companies – generally less useful to biodiversity community except for archiving  Biodiversity community might use US Geological Survey & statewide GIS clearinghouses that provide downloadable mapping layers

18. Crowd Sourcing in the Cloud  Collaborative projects where all participants can see, use, & contribute data  “Most crowd-based projects are more likely to be locally created and have details and features that commercial data sets do not have. They can be created by groups within a government agency, or groups of researchers, or even a combination of these from around the world working on a project together. Large or small, I believe that crowd sourcing will become the mainstream of scholarship in the near future.” J.A. Olson  Caveat: What happens when it rains?

19. VertNet: Vertebrate Biodiversity Data in the Cloud  Combines global networked information systems for  Mammals - MaNIS  Birds – ORNIS  Amphibians & Reptiles – HerpNET  Fishes – FishNet 2  Working with GBIF to enhance biodiversity data mobilization  Seen a shift from skepticism to enthusiasm for data sharing  Networks facilitate access & sharing of data contributors, who are the primary & authoritative source for information over which they have custody  Incentives: Improve data quality Sharing the task of converting textual locality descriptions into formats for mapping http://vertnet.org/index.php

20. VertNet: A New Model in the Cloud  Consolidating services utilizing Google App Engine  Contributors will use a web-based administrative interface to create a provider in the cloud  More scalable, responsive, & sustainable than traditionally maintained contributor server installations  Estimated 16-fold reduction in annual operating costs  Not yet live

21. DiscoverLife: Operates as a Cloud  John Pickering asks “Why try to get taxonomists to spend their time conforming to standards?”  Artificial Language processor has “standards”  ~40 routines run on data, including language recognition  Upload a file, send a CD or an email attachment or point to access your data as Excel® ASCII, tab- delimited text, UTF-8, or with entity codes  Will work with data providers to improve accuracy  Will send data to GBIF at request of provider  already maps all of GBIF’s data through an MOU*)  Funded in part through NBII**  Maps 22K points/sec; tested with >3M points * Memorandum of Understanding; ** National Biological Information Infrastructure

22. Mapping Multiple Species

23. Access to Specific Records

24. Using Discover Life’s Albums

25. Map your records & see details

26. Techie Solutions for Mapping  Using Google Spreadsheets with Google Maps for Flash (via Yahoo Pipes http://pipes.yahoo.com/pipes/ ) http://biodivertido.blogspot.com/2009/06/using-google-spreadsheets-with- google.html http://pipes.yahoo.com/pipes/ http://biodivertido.blogspot.com/2009/06/using-google-spreadsheets-with- google.html  Google Earth Spreadsheet Mapper http://earth.google.com/outreach/tutorial_spreadsheet.html http://earth.google.com/outreach/tutorial_spreadsheet.html  DIVA-GIS http://www.diva-gis.org/ http://www.diva-gis.org/  FOSS4G (Free & Open Source Software for Geospatial) conference – resources, talks, etc. from 2009 http://2009.foss4g.org/presentations/ http://2009.foss4g.org/presentations/  ArcGIS Online http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcgisonline/ http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcgisonline/  World Wind Java SDK http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/java/ http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/java/  Comparison of selected web map services http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Web_Map_Services http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Web_Map_Services  Biodivertido http://biodivertido.blogspot.com/ http://biodivertido.blogspot.com/

27. In Which Direction Should the Diptera Community Head?  Assume that the following are desired:  Sharing Able to map multiple taxa Restrict datasets mapped  Ease of use  Data cleaning & reporting  Attribution of data provenance  Links to community assets such as keys, photos/images  Speed of access

28. References & Resources  Chapman, A.D. & J. Wieczorek, eds. (2006) Guide to practices for georeferencing http://www2.gbif.org/BioGeomancerGuide.pdf http://www2.gbif.org/BioGeomancerGuide.pdf  Georeferencing & GIS Resources http://www.herpnet.org/Gazetteer/GeorefResources.htm http://www.herpnet.org/Gazetteer/GeorefResources.htm  BioGeomancer http://www.biogeomancer.org/ http://www.biogeomancer.org/  Constable, et al. (2010) VertNet: A new model for biodiversity data sharing. PLoS Biology 8(2):e1000309 http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000309 http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000309  GBIF.org Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT) http://www.gbif.org/informatics/standards-and-tools/publishing-data/publishing- software/ipt/ http://www.gbif.org/informatics/standards-and-tools/publishing-data/publishing- software/ipt/  DiscoverLife http://www.discoverlife.org/ http://www.discoverlife.org/  Boakes, E.H. et al. (2010). Distorted views of biodiversity: Spatial and temporal bias in species occurrence data. PLoS Biology 8(6):e1000385  European Commission INSPIRE Geoportal http://www.inspire- geoportal.eu/index.cfm/pageid/341 http://www.inspire- geoportal.eu/index.cfm/pageid/341

29. References & Resources  Hill A.W., J. Otegui, A.H. Ariño, & R.P Guralnick (2010). Future directions and recommendations for enhancing fitness-for-use across the GBIF network. Copenhagen: Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 29 pp. anticipated http://www.gbif.org/communications/resources/print-and-online- resources/download-publications/bookelets/ http://www.gbif.org/communications/resources/print-and-online- resources/download-publications/bookelets/  Georeferencing Workshops (presentations, videos, exercises) http://www.gbif.es/formaciondetalles.php?IDForm=39 http://www.gbif.es/formaciondetalles.php?IDForm=39  Chapman, A.D. (2005). Principles of Data Quality, version 1. Copenhagen: Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 58 pp. http://www2.gbif.org/DataQuality.pdf http://www2.gbif.org/DataQuality.pdf  Olson (2010) Data as a service: Are we in the clouds? Journal of Map & Geography Libraries, 6(1): 76-78. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a918167873~tab =linking http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a918167873~tab =linking  Hutchison, R.L. (2008) Table of lat/long equivalents in km & miles http://www.zodiacal.com/tools/lat_table.php http://www.zodiacal.com/tools/lat_table.php

30. Muchissimas Gracias a…  Arturo Ariño, GBIF DIGIT Work Area Chair, for permitting me to view a late draft of a GBIF position paper on fitness- for-use  Lee Belbin, ALA Geospatial Team Leader, for sharing insights into directions for the Atlas of Living Australia  John Pickering, of DiscoverLife.org, for providing a renegade perspective for getting the job done