1. Nonrenewable Energy

2. 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy

3. Energy Sources
Modern society requires large quantities of energy that are generated from the earth’s natural resources.
Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy.
Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels.
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4. Thermodynamics
The laws of thermodynamics tell us two things about converting heat energy from steam to work:
1) The conversion of heat to work cannot be 100 % efficient because a portion of the heat is wasted.
2) The efficiency of converting heat to work increases as the heat temperature increases.
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5. Energy Units and Use
Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 ºF.
cal (calorie) - the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used.
1 Btu = 252 cal = kcal
1 Btu = 1055 J (joule) = kJ
1 cal = J
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6. Energy Units and Use
Two other units that are often seen are the horsepower and the watt. These are not units of energy, but are units of power.
1 watt (W) = Btu / hour
1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W
Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to describe electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger.
quad (Q) - used for describing very large quantities of energy. 1 Q = 1015 Btu
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7. Evaluating Energy Resources
U.S. has 4.6% of world population; uses 24% of the world’s energy;
84% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas);
7% from nuclear power;
9% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

8. Changes in U.S. Energy Use
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9. Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium
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10. Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels originated from the decay of living organisms millions of years ago, and account for about 80% of the energy generated in the U.S.
The fossil fuels used in energy generation are:
Natural gas, which is % methane (CH4)
Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of petroleum
Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules with a H/C ratio of about 1

11. Problems with Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources
At projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century
Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of pollution
Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming
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12. 2. Oil 1. Energy Resources 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy

13. Oil
Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well
Fossil fuel, produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic matter from plants & animals
Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities
How Oil Drilling Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

14. Sources of Oil
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) countries have 67% world reserves:
Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela
Other important producers: Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico.
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16. Oil in U.S. 2.3% of world reserves uses nearly 30% of world reserves;
65% for transportation;
increasing dependence on imports.
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18. Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources.
mi.edu/beck /esc101/Cha pter14&15.p pt

19. Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.
Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and thus promotes global warming.
Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.
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20. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14 &15.ppt

21. Oil
Crude oil is transported to a refinery where distillation produces petrochemicals

25. 3. Natural Gas 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy

26. Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel
Mixture
50–90% Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
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27. Sources of Natural Gas
Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply.
Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%);
90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline).
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28. billion cubic metres

29. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14 &15.ppt

30. Natural Gas
Experts predict increased use of natural gas during this century

32. Natural Gas
When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distribution
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships

34. 4. Coal 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 5. Nuclear Energy

35. Coal: Supply and Demand
Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical formula cannot be written for it.
Coalification: After plants died they underwent chemical decay to form a product known as peat
Over many years, thick peat layers formed.
Peat is converted to coal by geological events such as land subsidence which subject the peat to great pressures and temperatures.
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36. garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L 37.ppt

38. Ranks of Coal
Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e., low heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb.
Subbituminous: Black lignite, is dull black and generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb.
Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

39. Ranks of Coal
Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb.
Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb.
Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

40. PEAT
LIGNITE
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectu res/L37.ppt

41. BITUMINOUS
ANTHRACITE
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectu res/L37.ppt

42. Main Coal Deposits Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite Anthracite
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43. Advantages and Disadvantages
Pros
Most abundant fossil fuel
Major U.S. reserves
300 yrs. at current consumption rates
High net energy yield
Cons
Dirtiest fuel, highest carbon dioxide
Major environmental degradation
Major threat to health
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
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44. Coal Coal gasification ® Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
Coal liquefaction ® Liquid fuels
Disadvantage
Costly
High environmental impact

45. garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L 37.ppt

63. Sulfur in Coal
When coal is burned, sulfur is released primarily as sulfur dioxide (SO2 - serious pollutant)
Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from coal include cleaning, solvent refining, gasification, and liquefaction Scrubbers are used to trap SO2 when coal is burned
Two chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeS2 or CaSO4) and organic (Sulfur bound to Carbon)
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64. Acid Mine Drainage
The impact of mine drainage on a lake after receiving effluent from an abandoned tailings impoundment for over 50 years

65. Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment.
The same tailings impoundment after 7 years of sulfide oxidation. The white spots in Figures A and B are gulls.

66. Mine effluent discharging from the bottom of a waste rock pile

67. Shoreline of a pond receiving AMD showing massive accumulation of iron hydroxides on the pond bottom

68. Groundwater flow through a tailings impoundment and discharging into lakes or streams.

69. 5. Nuclear Energy 1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal

70. Nuclear Energy In a conventional nuclear power plant
a controlled nuclear fission chain reaction
heats water
produce high-pressure steam
that turns turbines
generates electricity.

71. Nuclear Energy Controlled Fission Chain Reaction
neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as of Uranium or Plutonium
release energy (heat)
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72. Controlled Nuclear Fission Reaction
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

73. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14 &15.ppt

74. Radioactivity
Radioactive decay continues until the the original isotope is changed into a stable isotope that is not radioactive
Radioactivity: Nuclear changes in which unstable (radioactive) isotopes emit particles & energy
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75. Radioactivity
Types
Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, and therefore are positively charged
Beta particles are negatively charged (electrons)
Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are a form of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays)
Sources of natural radiation
Soil
Rocks
Air
Water
Cosmic rays
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76. Relative Doses from Radiation Sources
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

77. Half-Life
The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to form a different isotope
Half-time emitted
Uranium million yrs alpha, gamma
Plutonium yrs alpha, gamma
During operation, nuclear power plants produce radioactive wastes, including some that remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years

78. Diagram of Radioactive Decay
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

79. Effects of Radiation Genetic damages: from mutations that alter genes
Genetic defects can become apparent in the next generation
Somatic damages: to tissue, such as burns, miscarriages & cancers
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80. www.geology.fau.edu/course_info/fall02/ EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

81. Radioactive Waste
1. Low-level radiation (Gives of low amount of radiation)
Sources: nuclear power plants, hospitals & universities
1940 – 1970 most was dumped into the ocean
Today deposit into landfills
2. High-level radiation (Gives of large amount of radiation)
Fuel rods from nuclear power plants
Half-time of Plutonium 239 is years
No agreement about a safe method of storage
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82. Radioactive Waste 1. Bury it deep underground.
Problems: i.e. earthquake, groundwater…
2. Shoot it into space or into the sun.
Problems: costs, accident would affect large area.
3. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet.
Problems: long-term stability of ice is not known, global warming
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83. Radioactive Waste 4. Most likely plan for the US
Bury it into Yucca Mountain in desert of Nevada
Cost of over $ 50 billion
160 miles from Las Vegas
Transportation across the country via train & truck
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84. Yucca Mountain
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

85. Plutonium Breeding 238U is the most plentiful isotope of Uranium
Non-fissionable - useless as fuel
Reactors can be designed to convert 238U into a fissionable isotope of plutonium, 239Pu
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

86. Conversion of 238U to 239Pu
Under appropriate operating conditions, the neutrons given off by fission reactions can "breed" more fuel, from otherwise non-fissionable isotopes, than they consume
Source:
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

87. Reprocess Nuclear Fuel
During the operation of a nuclear reactor the uranium runs out
Accumulating fission products hinder the proper function of a nuclear reactor
Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed every year
Source:
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

88. Plutonium in Spent Fuel
Spent nuclear fuel contains many newly formed plutonium atoms
Miss out on the opportunity to split
Plutonium in nuclear waste can be separated from fission products and uranium
Cleaned Plutonium can be used in a different Nuclear Reactor
Source:
EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

89. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14 &15.ppt

90. Nuclear Energy
Concerns about the safety, cost, and liability have slowed the growth of the nuclear power industry
Accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island showed that a partial or complete meltdown is possible

91. Nuclear Power Plants in U.S.
cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

92. Three Mile Island
March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost coolant water because of mechanical and human errors and suffered a partial meltdown
50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled area
Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released
Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion
Released radiation increased cancer rates.
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94. Chernobyl
April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung radioactive debris into atmosphere
Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths
Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths;
About 400,000 people were forced to leave their homes
~160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated
> Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity
Cost of incident > $358 billion
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97. Nuclear Energy Nuclear plants must be decommissioned after 15-40 years
New reactor designs are still proposed
Experimental breeder nuclear fission reactors have proven too costly to build and operate
Attempts to produce electricity by nuclear fusion have been unsuccessful

98. Use of Nuclear Energy U.S. phasing out
Some countries (France, Japan) investing increasingly
U.S. currently ~7% of energy nuclear
No new U.S. power plants ordered since 1978
40% of 105 commercial nuclear power expected to be retired by 2015 and all by 2030
North Korea is getting new plants from the US
France 78% energy nuclear
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99. Phasing Out Nuclear Power
Multi-billion-$$ construction costs
High operation costs
Frequent malfunctions
False assurances and cover–ups
Overproduction of energy in some areas
Poor management
Lack of public acceptance
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100. Energy &
Mineral resources
2) Energy
A quad is BTU