1. PS 11 GeneralPhysics I for the Life Sciences
Rotational Motion
Dr. Benjamin chan
Associate Professor
Physics Department
february 2014

2. Questions and Problems for Contemplation
Chapter 8
Questions: 1, 4, 8, 10, 15, 18, 22, 24
Problems: 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 15, 22, 27, 30, 38, 45, 52, 55, 61, 64
General Problems: 72, 80, 81

3. Describing Rotational Motion
Angular displacement q
Let O be the axis of rotation
How far the object has rotated
Only 2 directions possible: clockwise(-) and counter-clockwise(+)
Measured in radians
1 radian (rad) is the angle subtended by an arc whose length is equal to the radius of motion

4. Distance traveled Arc length traversed For one complete revolution
q can be expressed in revolutions

5. Example: Bike Wheel
A bike wheel rotates 4.5 revolutions. How many radians has it rotated?
If the wheel has a diameter of 45 cm, what is the distance traveled by a point on the rim of the wheel?

6. Example: Bird of Prey
A bird’s eye can distinguish objects that subtend an angle no smaller than 3  10-4 rad. How many degrees is this?
How small an object can the bird just distinguish when flying at a height of 100m?
For small angles (<15), arc length and chord length are nearly the same

7. Angular Velocity w Average w Instantaneous w
Dt must be very small
Velocity v of a point on a rotating wheel
Changes direction as vector turns
Increases in proportion to distance from the axis of rotation

8. Angular Acceleration a
Average a
Instantaneous a
Make Dt as small as possible
Tangential acceleration
Radial acceleration

9. Review of Linear and Angular Quantities
Frequency = number of complete revolutions per second = f
w = 2pf
Period = time required to complete one revolution = T = 1/f

10. Equations of Motion Zero angular acceleration
a = 0, w = constant
Uniform circular motion
q = wt + qo
Linear velocity is not constant
Magnitude is constant: v = wr
Direction is changing
Acceleration is not constant
atan= 0 but aR= rw2 = constant (centripetal)

11. Example: Earth’s Rotation
How fast is the earth’s equator turning?
w = 2p/T = (2p rad)/84,600s = 7.27 x 10-5 rad/s
v = rw = (6,380 km)(7.27 x 10-5 rad/s) = 464 m/s
How will your speed change as you go to the North or South pole?
v = (r cos f)w = (464 cos f) m/s
f = 14.5°, v = 449 m/s
f = 30°, v = 402 m/s
f = 60°, v = 232 m/s
f = 90°, v = 0 m/s

12. The Coriolis Effect
As you go from the equator towards the N pole, you are moving faster than the ground you are moving into: veer to your right (earth rotates west to east)
As you go from the N pole towards the equator, you are moving slower than the ground you are moving into: veer to your right
Clockwise flow!
To or from the S pole: veer to the left!
Counterclockwise flow!

13. Example: Hard Drive
The platter of the hard drive of a computer rotates at 7200 rpm. What is the angular velocity of the platter?
If the reading head of the drive is 3.00 cm from the axis of rotation, how fast is the disk moving right under the head?

14. Example (continued)
If a single bit requires 0.50 mm of length along the direction of motion, how many bits per second can the writing head write when it is 3.00 cm from the axis?
The number of bits passing the head per second is
or 45 megabits/s (Mbps)

15. Constant Angular Acceleration
a = constant
w = wo + at
q = qo + wot + ½ at2
Eliminate t between w and q
w2 = wo2 + 2aq

16. Total Acceleration atotal = atan + aR atan aR
Constant magnitude, changing direction aR
Variable magnitude, variable direction

17. Example: Centrifuge
A centrifuge motor is accelerated from rest to 20,000 rpm in 30s. Determine its angular acceleration and how many revolutions it makes while it is accelerating.
Solution
Assuming constant angular acceleration

18. Example continued Where the final angular velocity w is
The angular displacement in 30s is then
We divide by 2p to convert to revolutions

19. Rolling Motion Translational + rotational motion No Slipping
Static friction between object and rolling surface

20. Example: Bicycle
A bicycle slows down uniformly from a velocity of 8.40 m/s to rest over a distance of 115 m. The overall diameter of the tire is 68.0 cm. Determine the initial angular velocity of the wheels.

21. Example (continued)
Determine the number of revolutions each wheel undergoes before stopping.
The rim of the wheel turns 115m before stopping. Thus,
Determine the angular acceleration of the wheel

22. Example continued Determine the time it took the bicycle to stop
Note: when the bike tire completes one revolution, the bike advances a distance equal to the outer circumference of the tire (no slipping or sliding).

23. Announcements FINAL EXAM Long Test 4 Wednesday, March 19 7.30 - 10.30
Thursday, March 13
6.00 – 7.30
Room TBA c/o Paulo

24. Center of Mass
You can reduce an object to a point and describe its translational motion by considering the motion of this point (called its center of mass)

25. Determining Center of Mass
Consider masses m1, m2, m3, … with coordinates (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), …

26. CM for a Leg
Determine the center of mass of a leg when a) stretched out and b) bent at 90°. Assume the person is 1.70 m tall.
Solution
a) Straight leg
Essentially 1-D
Measure distance from hip joint
CM is = 31.7 units from base of foot
For a height of 172 cm, xcm = 54.5 cm above the bottom of the foot
units

27. CM of Leg b) Bent leg For a height of 172 cm
xcm = (172 cm)(0.149) = 25.6 cm
ycm = (172 cm)(0.23) = 39.6 cm
Center of mass of bent leg is 39.6 cm above the floor and 25.6 cm from the hip joint!
units
units

28. CM Trajectory
Center of mass of swimmer in flight follows projectile motion (parabolic) trajectory
Center of mass of wrench follows constant velocity trajectory

29. Torque
What causes an object to rotate?
Torque = force x lever arm

30. More Torque Units: Nm (Newton-meter) Torque is a vector quantity
Reserve J for work and energy
Torque is a vector quantity
Direction determined by the right hand rule

31. Newton’s First law Translational Equilibrium Rotational Equilibrium
All forces cancel out: SF = 0
Rotational Equilibrium
Torques must balance out: SG = 0
When is an object in equilibrium?

32. Newton’s Second Law F = ma G = Ia I = moment of inertia
a = angular acceleration
Only two possible directions
Counter-clockwise rotation
Clockwise rotation

33. Moment of Inertia of Particles
For a single moving object with mass m
t = rF = rma = rmra =mr2a
I = mr2
For several objects rigidly attached to each other
St = (Smiri2)a
I = Smiri2

34. Changing Moment of Inertia
Determine the change in the moment of inertia of a particle as the radius of its orbit doubles
Solution
It increases by

35. Changing Your I Vertical axis of rotation Arms on the side
R = 25 cm, M = 9.6 kg
Raise your arms in a crucifixion pose
R = 57.5 cm, M = 9.6 kg
433% increase

36. Moments of Inertia for Various Objects

37. Rotational Kinetic Energy

38. Example: Ball Rolling Down an Inclined Plane
Determine the speed of a solid sphere of mass M and radius R when it reaches the bottom of an inclined plane if it starts from rest at a height H and rolls without slipping. Assume no slipping occurs. Compare the result to an object of the same mass sliding down a frictionless inclined plane.

39. Solution Initial mechanical energy Final mechanical energy
PE = MgH
KEtrans = 0
KErot = 0
Final mechanical energy
PE = 0
KEtrans = ½ Mv2
KErot = ½ Iw2
Conservation of Energy
MgH = ½ (Mv2 + Iw2)

40. Solution (continued)
I = (2/5)MR2 for a solid sphere rotating about an axis through its center of mass
w = v/R
Thus
MgH = ½ Mv2 + ½(2/5)MR2(v/R)2
(1/2 + 1/5) v2 = gH
v = [(10/7)gH]1/2
v does not depend on the mass and radius of the sphere!!

41. Frictionless Incline Ball slides down the incline and does not roll
Thus,
½ Mv2 = MgH
v = (2gH)1/2
The speed is greater!
None of the original PE is converted into rotational energy.

42. Work Done on a Rotating Body
W = FDl = F rDq
W = tDq
Power
P = W/Dt
P = tDq/Dt = tw

43. Angular Momentum L
L = Iw
Newton’s second law becomes
Thus,

44. Conservation of Angular Momentum
If the net torque acting on a rotating object is zero, then its angular momentum remains constant.

45. The Ice Skater
How can the ice skater spin so fast?

46. The Diver How can the diver make somersaults?
Does she have to rotate initially?
What trajectory does she follow?

47. The Hanging Wheel Why is the wheel standing up?
Why does it turn around about the point of support?

48. Rotating Disk Demo
What happens when you tilt the rotating disk?
HINT:

49. Drunk Driver Test/Tightrope Artist
Follow the line walk
Increase your moment of inertia to minimize rotations

50. Quiz 8
1. A 4 kg mass sits at the origin, and a 10 kg mass sits at x = + 21 m. Where is the center of mass on the x-axis? (a) + 7 m (b) m (c) + 14 m (d) + 15 m 2. An object moving in a circular path experiences (a) free fall. (b) constant acceleration. (c) linear acceleration. (d) centripetal acceleration. 3. A boy and a girl are riding on a merry-go-round which is turning at a constant rate. The boy is near the outer edge, and the girl is closer to the center. Who has the greater angular velocity? a) The boy b) The girl c) Both have the same non-zero angular velocity. d) Both have zero angular velocity.

51. Quiz 8
4. A wheel starts at rest, and has an angular acceleration of 4 rad/s2. Through what angle does it turn in 3 s? a) 36 rad b) 18 rad c) 12 rad d) 9 rad 5. A wheel of diameter 26 cm turns at 1500 rpm. How far will a point on the outer rim move in 2 s? a) 314 cm b) 4084 cm c) cm d) cm 6. What is the centripetal acceleration of a point on the perimeter of a bicycle wheel of diameter 70 cm when the bike is moving 8 m/s? a) 91 m/s2 b) 183 m/s2 c) 206 m/s2 d) 266 m/s2 7. A bicycle is moving 4 m/s. What is the angular speed of a wheel if its radius is 30 cm? a) 0.36 rad/s b) 1.2 rad/s c) 4.8 rad/s d) 13.3 rad/s

52. Quiz 8
8. An ice skater is in a spin with his arms outstretched. If he pulls in his arms, what happens to his kinetic energy? a) It increases. b) It decreases. c) It remains constant but non-zero. d) It remains zero. 9. What is the quantity used to measure an object's resistance to changes in rotation? a) mass b) moment of inertia c) linear momentum d) angular momentum 10. A wheel of moment of inertia of 5.00 kg-m2 starts from rest and accelerates under a constant torque of 3.00 N-m for 8.00 s. What is the wheel's rotational kinetic energy at the end of 8.00 s? a) 57.6 J b) 64.0 J c) 78.8 J d) 122 J