1. Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Obsessive-Compulsive Hoarding
Authored by S. Saxena, A.L. Brody, K.M. Maidment, E.C. Smith, N. Zohrabi, E. Katz, S.K. Baker, and L.R. Baxter Jr. , 2004.
Presentation by Michael Wu

2. Introduction Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):
A mental disorder that covers a wide range of symptoms, including:
Aggressive/sexual/religious obsessions;
Symmetrical/organizational obsessions;
Contamination obsessions;
Hoarding/saving/collecting obsessions.
Often treated with SSRIs or cognitive behavioural therapy, but these treatments have been met with poor success when directed towards hoarding.
PET studies have shown that OCD patients have higher glucose metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, caudate, and the thalamus.
Intervention to provoke OCD symptoms increases activity in these brain regions, leading to the theory that hyperactivity in these circuits leads to the symptoms of OCD.
Hoarders usually fear “what-if” situations, so they collect and accumulate objects for every possible scenario.
Indicates a lack of attention and impaired ability to focus on the present and future.

3. Introduction Compulsive Hoarding:
The accumulation and inability to discard worthless items.
Also observed in schizophrenia, dementia, eating disorders, autism, mental retardation, and also in normal populations.
Most common in OCD patients.
Genetic studies with Tourette’s Syndrome patients show that hoarding has been linked with three genetic markers.

4. Introduction
Animal studies suggest that hoarding may be mediated by the ventromedial striatum, globus pallidus, and medial dorsal thalamus, which are all structures linked to human OCD.
Electrical stimulation and lesioning studies also show that the anterior cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the septum play mediation roles of hoarding in rodents. Drugs also affect hoarding symptoms.
In normal subjects, the provocation of hoarding-related anxiety activates the ventral prefrontal regions and the left amygdala, but the reason behind this is unknown.
Compared to non-hoarding OCD patients, hoarding patients had more severe family and social disability, anxiety, depression, tics, and personality disorder symptoms.
Compulsive-hoarders have lower global functioning (last criteria on DSM-IV based on how well people “do” in society), and will have a higher chance of compulsive-hoarding developing in first-degree relatives (50% of genes shared).

5. Methods A total of 62 subjects were studied:
45 with OCD (as diagnosed by the DSM-IV), 17 without.
Of the 45 patients, 12 had compulsive-hoarding as the most prominent symptom of their OCD.
The patients with hoarding symptoms were significantly older than those without.
Level of activity defined as the level of glucose metabolized within a certain brain area.
No cognitive task was given during the scanning.
Of the 45 patients, 12 were compulsive-hoarders:
16 of the 45 patients had major depression,
3 of the 12 compulsive-hoarders,
13 of the 33 non-hoarding patients.
5 of the 45 patients had major tic disorders.
4 of the 45 patients were treated with pyschotropic medication within 12 weeks of the study, 15 patients had never received psychotropic medication before.
Average age of patients was not reported.

6. Methods
MRI-based region-of-interest analysis was conducted, targeting broad areas that were associated with OCD and compulsive-hoarding from past research.
The areas were the:
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex;
Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex;
Orbitofrontal cortex;
Dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus;
Ventral anterior cingulate gyrus;
Caudate;
Thalamus;
Amygdala;
Hippocampus.
To narrow down smaller areas, another technique called statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was used.

7. Methods
MRI scans were taken first (region-of- interest analysis), then PET scans were taken (SPM).
2 of the patients had invalid PET results, and were thus excluded from SPM.
The activity shown on the brain regions were then superimposed onto the MRI images, producing the following results.
Clumps of activity larger than 200 voxels were considered significant, the rest were filtered out as background activity.
SPM – filters out brain areas activated only by chance.

8. Methods
The scans were averaged for each group (OCD-with-hoarding, OCD-without- hoarding, normal).
The images were then compared with each other, identifying areas with abnormal rates of glucose metabolism as areas of interest.

9. Results Figure 1. Hoarders vs. Control Figure 2. Hoarders vs. Control
Figure 1 shows the areas of the brain in which a LOWER level of metabolic activity was observed in hoarding patients when compared to normal controls. A significantly lower rate of glucose metabolism was observed in the right posterior cingulate gyrus and bilateral cuneus in hoarding patients.
Figure 2 shows the areas of the brain in which a HIGHER level of metabolic activity was observed in hoarding patients when compared to normal controls. A significantly higher rate of glucose metabolism was observed in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices.
Figure 1. Hoarders vs. Control
A lower glucose metabolism was observed in the right posterior cingulate gyrus and the bilateral cuneus in hoarding patients.
Figure 2. Hoarders vs. Control
A higher glucose metabolism was observed in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices.

10. Results Figure 3. Non-hoarders vs. Control
Figure 3 shows the areas of the brain in which a HIGHER level of metabolic activity was observed in non-hoarding patients when compared to normal controls. A significantly higher rate of glucose metabolism was observed in the bilateral thalamus and the caudate.
Figure 3. Non-hoarders vs. Control
A higher glucose metabolism was observed in the bilateral thalamus and the caudate in non-hoarding patients.

11. Results Figure 4. Hoarders vs. Non-hoarders
Figure 4 shows the areas of the brain in which a LOWER level of metabolic activity was observed in hoarding patients when compared to non-hoarders. A significantly lower rate of glucose metabolism was observed in the anterior cingulate gyrus in hoarding patients.
Figure 5 shows the areas of the brain in which a HIGHER level of metabolic activity was observed in hoarding patients when compared to non-hoarders. A significantly higher rate of glucose metabolism was observed in a small part of the right sensory motor cortex in hoarding patients.
Figure 4. Hoarders vs. Non-hoarders
A lower rate of glucose metabolism was observed in the anterior cingulate gyrus in hoarding patients.
Figure 5. Hoarders vs. Non-hoarders
A higher glucose metabolism was observed in a small region in the right sensory motor cortex in non-hoarding patients.

12. Discussion
In all the patients, symptoms of compulsive- hoarding may be due to lowered activity in the cingulate cortex, as shown by altered activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus.
The functions of the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus include motivation, executive control, focused attention, emotional connections to stimuli, emotional self- control, problem solving, error detection, and selecting responses.
Hoarders and non-hoarders also differed in that hoarders had a lowered metabolic rate in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and the thalamus.
This may mean that compulsive-hoarding is a separate subtype of OCD.
The severity of hoarding was negatively correlated with the activity level in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus.
Lowered activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus would mean a:
Lack of motivation;
Impaired higher brain function;
Impaired emotional self-control;
Inability to focus;
Impaired problem solving;
Impaired emotional processing.

13. Discussion
Lower activity levels were found in the posterior cingulate cortex and cuneus in hoarders compared to control samples.
The posterior cingulate cortex is responsible for monitoring visual events, episodic memory, emotional processing, and spatial orientation.
It was observed that hoarders showed an unique pattern of lowered metabolic rate in the posterior cingulate cortex and occipital cortex when compared to control samples (NOT observed in non-hoarders.)
The posterior cingulate cortex is responsible for monitoring visual events, episodic memory, emotional processing, and spatial orientation.
Lowered activity in BOTH the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex could mean the inability to make decisions (thus explaining the inability to discard objects), attentional problems (inability to explain why one retains these objects) and other deficits in compulsive hoarders.

14. Discussion
The anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus have been linked to low activity, even after antidepressant treatment.
This could mean that it is not the symptoms of hoarding are hard to treat, but that the activity in the cingulate gyri actually mediate the responses of the symptoms to the treatment.

15. Discussion
Occipital cortex deficits in hoarders were consistent with past research.
Past research also found decreased grey matter density in these regions.
This is linked to deficits in visuospatial processing and visual memories, which is observed in some OCD patients.
Based on this imaging study, these deficits may be found primarily in hoarding patients.
The occipital cortex (cuneus) has been linked to basic visual effects that deal with attention, working memory, and reward expectation.
In bipolar patients, it has been observed that a larger grey matter volume meant better inhibition.

16. Conclusion
The severity of hoarding was found to be negatively correlated with the activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus and posterior cingulate gyrus.
Summary of brain activity variations:
In hoarders:
Lower posterior cingulate gyrus and cuneus activity;
Lower dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus activity compared to non-hoarders;
In non-hoarders:
Higher thalamus and caudate activity;
Significantly different neural patterns exist between the three groups, and the symptom of compulsive-hoarding is believed to be associated with suppressed activity in the cingulate cortex.
In hoarders:
Lower posterior cingulate gyrus and cuneus activity;
Lower dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus activity compared to non-hoarders;
In non-hoarders:
Higher thalamus and caudate activity.

17. Strengths and Weaknesses
Large sample size.
Multiple imaging and analytical parameters (MRI combined with PET to accurately identify regions of interest.)
Weaknesses:
No cognitive task given, cognitive subtraction between groups only. No individual baseline to compare to.
Why not fMRI and measure BOLD signal?
Average ages not stated, only that hoarders were much older than non-hoarders and control samples.
No graphs provided, only brain images.
Strengths:
Supposedly the largest group of OCD patients ever studied with any functional imaging modality.

18. What Next?
Research on lesioned OCD patients and the effects of damage to the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus?
One would expect that hoarding would get worse.
Study patients that have undergone cingulotomies?
Investigate whether hoarding associated with other mental disorders also follow this pattern of neural activation?

19. Future Applications?
Development of medication that raises activity in cingulate cortex to treat compulsive-hoarding? (eg. Amphetamines directed towards cingulate cortex.)
New behavioural therapy approaches? (eg. Psychotherapy directed towards emotions and behaviour rather than Exposure and Response Prevention.)

20. References
Saxena, S., Brody, A.L., Maidment, K.M., Smith, E.C., Zohrabi, N., Katz, E., Baker, S.K., & Baxter Jr., L.R. (2004). Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Obsessive-Compulsive hoarding. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161,

21. Questions?

22. Summary Objective: Methods: Results: Conclusions:
Compulsive hoarding has been observed in OCD patients. PET scans were conducted to identify metabolic patterns in the brain associated with hoarding.
Methods:
Radiolabeled fluorodeoxyglucose PET scans were conducted on 45 adult OCD patients. Control measures were 17 healthy patients.
Results:
Patients with hoarding had significantly lower glucose metabolism in the posterior cingulate gyrus and cuneus, while non-hoarding patients had significantly higher glucose metabolism in the bilateral thalamus and caudate.
Compared to non-hoarding OCD patients, hoarders had significantly lower metabolism in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus.
The lower the metabolism was in the dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus, the more severe the hoarding.
Conclusions:
OCD patients with compulsive hoarding had different cerebral glucose metabolism patterns than control subjects or non-hoarding subjects.
Obsessive-compulsive hoarding could be considered as a variant of OCD, where the symptoms are mediated by suppressed activity in the cingulate cortex.