1. METALS Learning Objectives: What is METAL?
Different Types of Metals – Ferrous, Non-Ferrous, Alloys
Main focus of Ferrous Metals
Properties of Metals
Characteristics of Ferrous Metals with examples
Advantages/Disadvantages of Ferrous Metals

2. METALS
Metals are… Solid at room temperature, except mercury, which is liquid !
Metals have… very high melting point.
Metals are… shiny when they cut.
Metals are… good conductors of heat and electricity.
Metals are… usually strong & malleable so they can be hammered into shape.

3. METALS

4. METALS

5. METALS

6. METALS Ferrous Non-Ferrous Alloys
Containing iron & Do not contain iron A mixture of
almost all are e.g. aluminium, metals, or a
magnetic copper, silver, gold, metal & small
e.g. mild-steel, lid, tin etc amount of
cast-iron, tool other substance
Steel etc.
Ferrous Alloys Non-Ferrous Alloys
e.g e.g. brass (copper + zinc)
stainless steel bronze (copper + tin )
steel + chromium

7. METALS METALS & ALLOYS Metals are available in pure or alloy form.
Pure Metals such as pure aluminium or pure copper, contain only one type of metal. They are not mixed with any other metal.
Alloys are mixture of two or more pure metals.
Alloys tend to have better strength properties than pure metals.
Alloys and pure metals often have special physical properties.

8. PROPERTIES OF METALS
Strength - The ability of a material to stand up to forces being applied without it bending, breaking, shattering or deforming in any way.
Elasticity - The ability of a material to absorb force and flex in different directions, returning to its original position.
Plasticity - The ability of a material to be change in shape permanently.
Ductility - The ability of a material to change shape (deform) usually by stretching along its length.

9. PROPERTIES OF METALS
5. Tensile Strength – The ability of a material to stretch without breaking or snapping.
Malleability - The ability of a material to be reshaped in all directions without cracking.
Toughness - A characteristic of a material that does not break or shatter when receiving a blow or under a sudden shock.
Conductivity - The ability of a material to conduct electricity.

10. PROPERTIES OF METALS
9. Hardness – The ability of a material to resist scratching, wear and tear & indentation.

11. FERROUS-METALS Mild Steel
Composition: Iron alloy with 0.3% carbon Properties: Malleable and ductile, and therefore bends fairly easily Uses: nuts, bolts, screws, tubes etc.
Methods of Identification
Appearance: Bright drawn mild steel has a smooth, bright surface; black mild steel is covered with a blue-grey oxide Dropping: Gives out a ringing note Grinding: Gives off a shower of long white sparks Effect of Heating: Slightly tougher but little change

12. FERROUS-METALS 2. Tool Steel / cast steel / carbon steel
Composition: Iron alloy with 0.5%-1.5% carbon Properties: Tough rather than hard, and fairly ductile Uses: Springs and most tools such as hammer heads, drills, chisels, shears etc
Methods of Identification
Appearance: Has a smooth skin of black oxide Dropping: Gives out a high ringing note Grinding: Moderate number of red sparks Effect of Heating: Becomes hard and brittle

13. FERROUS-METALS cast iron
Composition: Iron alloy with 2%-4% carbon Properties: Brittle, snaps before it will bend. Strong in compression Uses: Vices, cylinder blocks for car engines, frames for most machines
Methods of Identification
Appearance: Grey with a granular surface Dropping: gives out a dull note Grinding: Gives off a few dull sparks Effect of Heating: No change

14. ADVANTAGES OF FERROUS METALS
High strength to weight ratio
it minimise the substructures cost, which beneficial in poor ground condition. E.g. The Newark Dyke Rail Bridge – comprises 77 meter long, meter wide bowstring with 820 tonnes of S355 steel.
This bridge use IMD (Interactive Model Technique) – reduced the time required to assess the dynamic response of the structure.
This bridge was the first UK steel bridge to be designed for the next generation of 225 km/hr trains.

15. ADVANTAGES OF FERROUS METALS
2. High quality material
readily available worldwide in various certificate grades.
Speed of construction
Versatility
steel suits range of construction methods & sequences.
Modification & repair
Recycling
Durability
8. Aesthetics
steel has a broad architectural possibilities.

16. DISADVANTAGES OF FERROUS METALS
Costly waste
High cost of final finishing & polishing
Environmental issue

17. RECAP Metal Different types of metals – ferrous, non-ferrous, alloy
Properties of metals
Strength
Elasticity
Plasticity
ductility
tensile strength
malleability
toughness
conductivity
hardness
Examples of ferrous metals, uses, methods of identification
Advantages
Disadvantages
Homework
Metal
Different types of metals – ferrous, non-ferrous, alloy
Properties of metals
Strength
Elasticity
Plasticity
ductility
tensile strength
malleability
toughness
conductivity
hardness