1. DNA & RNA

2. DNA
What is it?

3. DNA
A chemical molecule that has all the information to run and build a living organism.
Contains instructions for genes (inherited traits) and for proteins (structures and functions – like enzymes)

4. Types of proteins

5. DNA MODEL (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Double stranded molecule with 2 sides called a helix
Looks like a twisted ladder structure
Rungs (steps) are called bases or nucleotides. (abbreviated as A, C, T, G)
Sides are made of sugar & phosphate molecules alternating
The sugar is deoxyribose
Found in every living cell in structures called chromosomes, inside the nucleus.

6. Base pairs are:
A with T
C with G
always
nucleotide

7. Sugar phosphate (backbone)
Phosphate molecules
Deoxyribose (sugar) molecules
Nitrogen
bases
Notice base pairings:
A with T & C with G
Hydrogen
bonds
Sugar phosphate (backbone)

8. DNA replication (copying itself)
Required during growth or repair of cells.
The weak hydrogen bonds are unzipped by an enzyme called DNA helicase.
Free floating nucleotides from in the nucleus attach themselves to the exposed DNA strands.
DNA the new bases are “glued” or fused together with DNA polymerase and the 2 new molecules of DNA are formed.

9. DNA replication (copying itself)
UNZIPPED BY HELICASE
DNA replication (copying itself)
ACG ATG CAC
___ ___ ___
GTA CGT
___ ___
CAT GCA
CAT GCA
GTA CGT
TGC TAC GTG
2 NEW DNA STRANDS
COPIES OF EACH OTHER!
Glued BY polymerase

11. who contributed to the discovery of the DNA model
Timeline in text pg

12. Uracil base instead of thymine
DNA is also responsible in making RNA in a process called transcription.
RNA will function as a template to help make proteins for the body.
Remember that proteins can be structural (muscles, hair, fingernails, etc) but can also be functional in the body systems like enzymes or hormones.
RNA differs from DNA in 4 main ways:
Single stranded
Ribose sugar
Uracil base instead of thymine
Moves out of nucleus to be functional. 8 9
bases
Add As
11B
pairings
Sugar phosphate backbones
RNA DNA
Ribonucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid

13. 11
3 forms of RNA
mRNA messenger- comes out of nucleus to be the carrier of the code to make proteins. The code is read 3 bases at a time called the codon.
tRNA transfer – transfers the amino acids to the
growing protein or peptide chain- attaches to the
mRNA with an anticodon base pairing with the codon.
rRNA ribosomal- helps the ribosomes read the code on the mRNA, so the correct amino acids are delivered in the correct order.

14. DNA MAKES RNA IN A PROCESS CALLED TRANSCRIPTION.
An enzyme, RNA polymerase, separates the strands of DNA.
The free floating bases in the nucleus are attracted to the bases on the DNA strand. They assemble the same as in replication except URACIL bonds with ADENINE.
GTA CGT
___ ___
THE NEW FORMING mRNA strand
ACG ATG CAC
___ ___ ___
CAU GCA
TGC TAC GTG
CAT GCA

15. A protein is made by a process called translation.
Text pages
Know parts and how to read the circle (mRNA & inside out)
For what amino acids are part of new protein.