1. Physical Development In Infancy
Chapter 4
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2. Chapter Outline Physical growth and development in infancy
Motor development
Sensory and perceptual development
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3. Physical Growth and Development in Infancy
Patterns of growth
Height and weight
The brain
Sleep
Nutrition
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4. Patterns of Growth
Cephalocaudal pattern: Sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top
Proximodistal pattern: Sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities
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5. Height and Weight
The average American newborn is 20 inches long and weighs 7 pounds
Most of the newborns are 18 to 22 inches long and weigh between 5 and 10 pounds
Grow about 1 inch per month during the first year
By 2 years of age
Infants weigh approximately 26 to 32 pounds
Average 32 to 35 inches in height
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6. The Brain Contains approximately 100 billion neurons at birth
Shaken baby syndrome - Brain swelling and hemorrhaging
Positron-emission tomography - Scans pose a radiation risk to babies
Electroencephalogram - Measure of the brain’s electrical activity
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7. The Brain Brain’s development Mapping the brain Brain has two halves
Lateralization: Specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other
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8. Figure 4.4 - The Brain’s Four Lobes
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9. Figure The Neuron
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10. The Brain Changes in neurons Changes in regions of the brain
Myelination
Connectivity among neurons increases
Changes in regions of the brain
Blooming and pruning vary by brain region
Peak of synaptic overproduction in the visual cortex followed by a gradual retraction
Heredity and environment influence the timing and course
Pace of myelination varies
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11. Figure 4.6 - The Development of Dendritic Spreading
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12. Figure 4.7 - Synaptic Density in the Human Brain from Infancy to Adulthood
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13. The Brain Early experience and the brain
Children in deprived environment may have depressed brain activity
Brain demonstrates both flexibility and resilience
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14. Figure 4.8 - Early Deprivation and Brain Activity
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15. The Brain Neuroconstructivist view:
Biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain’s development
Brain has plasticity and is context dependent
Development of the brain and the child’s cognitive development are closely linked
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16. Sleep Typical new born sleeps approximately 18 hours a day
Infant sleep-related problem – Night time waking
Cultural variations influence infant sleeping patterns
REM sleep - Eyes flutter beneath closed lids
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17. Sleep
Shared sleeping
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): Occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually at night
Suddenly dies without an apparent cause
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18. SIDS - Findings
SIDS is less likely to occur in infants who use a pacifier when they go to sleep
Low birth weight infants are 5 to 10 times more likely to die of SIDS than are their normal-weight counterparts
Two recent reviews concluded that breast feeding is linked to a lower incidence of SIDS
Infants whose siblings have died of SIDS are two to four times as likely to die of it
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19. Figure 4.10 - Developmental Changes in Rem and Non-Rem Sleep
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20. Nutrition Nutritional needs and eating behavior
Should consume approximately 50 calories per day for each pound they weigh
As motor skills improve, infants change:
From using suck-and-swallow movements
To chew-and-swallow movements with semisolid and then complex foods
Need to have a diet that includes:
Fruits and vegetables
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21. Nutrition Breast versus bottle feeding
Breast feeding is better
Benefits of breast feeding - Outcomes for the child
Gastrointestinal infections
Lower respiratory tract infections
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22. Nutrition Allergies Asthma Otitis media Overweight and obesity
Diabetes
SIDS
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23. Nutrition Benefits of breast feeding - Outcomes for the mother
Breast cancer
Ovarian cancer
Type 2 diabetes
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24. Nutrition Mother should not breast feed:
When infected with HIV or some other infectious disease
If she has active tuberculosis
If she is taking any drug
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25. Nutrition Malnutrition in infancy
Marasmus: Wasting away of body tissues in the infant’s first year
Caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency
Kwashiorkor: Caused by severe protein deficiency
Appears between 1 and 3 years of age
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26. Motor Development The dynamic systems view Reflexes Gross motor skills
Fine motor skills
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27. Dynamic Systems View
Dynamic systems theory: Infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting
Motor skill is developed by:
Development of the nervous system
Body’s physical properties and its possibilities for movement
Goal the child is motivated to reach
Environmental support for the skill
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28. Reflexes Built-in reactions to stimuli
Govern the newborn’s movements – Automatic
Rooting reflex: Occurs when the infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched
Turns his or her head in an effort to find something to suck
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29. Reflexes
Sucking reflex: Occurs when newborns automatically suck an object placed in their mouth
Enables newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food
Serves as a self-soothing mechanism
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30. Reflexes
Moro reflex: A neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement
It is believed to be a way of grabbing for support while falling
Grasping reflex: Occurs when something touches the infant’s palms
Responds by grasping tightly
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31. Gross Motor Skills Involve large-muscle activities, such as walking
Development of posture
Posture - Dynamic process linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell us where we are in space
Learning to walk
The first year - Motor development milestones and variations
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32. Figure 4.15 - Milestones in Gross Motor Development
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33. Gross Motor Skills Development in the second year
Toddlers become more skilled and mobile
By months
Toddlers can pull a toy or climb stairs
By months
Toddlers can walk quickly
Balance on their feet
Walk backward and stand and kick a ball
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34. Fine Motor Skills
Involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity
Two types of grasps:
Palmer grasp
Pincer grip
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35. Sensory and Perceptual Development
What are sensation and perception?
The ecological view
Visual perception
Other senses
Intermodal perception
Nature, nurture, and perceptual development
Perceptual-motor coupling
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36. What are Sensation and Perception?
Sensation: Occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors
Eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin
Perception: Interpretation of what is sensed
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37. The Ecological View
Directly perceives information that exists in the world around us
Affordances: Opportunities for interaction offered by objects that:
Fit within our capabilities to perform functional activities
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38. Visual Perception Visual acuity and human faces Color vision
Perceptual constancy
Size constancy: Recognition that an object remains the same
The retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object
Shape constancy: Recognition that an object’s shape remains the same
Its orientation changes
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39. Visual Perception Habituation
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
Dishabituation
Recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
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40. Figure 4.8 - Early Deprivation and Brain Activity
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41. Visual Perception Perception of occluded objects Depth perception
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42. Figure 4.20 - Visual Acuity During the First Months of Life
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43. Figure 4.21 - Infants’ Predictive Tracking of a Briefly Occluded Moving Ball
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44. Figure 4.22 - Examining Infants’ Depth Perception on the Visual Cliff
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45. Other Senses Hearing Touch and pain Smell Taste Changes in hearing
Loudness
Pitch
Localization
Touch and pain
Smell
Taste
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46. Intermodal Perception
Involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities
Vision and hearing
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47. Nature, Nurture, and Perceptual Development
Nativists – Nature proponents
Empiricists – Emphasis on learning and experience
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48. Perceptual-Motor Coupling
Perception and action are not isolated but rather are coupled
Individuals perceive in order to move and move in order to perceive
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