1. Personnel Selection

2. Selection What is selection? –Using scientific methodology to choose one alternative (job candidate) over another. Job Analysis Measurement Statistics Why is selection important? –Decreases the likelihood of hiring “bad” employees –Increases the likelihood that people will be treated fairly when hiring decisions are made Reduces discrimination Reduces likelihood of discrimination lawsuits What do I/O psychologists need to know about selection? –How to select predictors of job performance (criteria problem) –How to accurately indentify and validate predictors for specific jobs (job analysis) Rely on cognitive and personality variables –How to reliably and validly measure these predictors –How to use these predictors to make selection decisions

3. Criteria Criteria - standards used to judge the quality of (discriminate among) alternatives. For I/O psychologists, this means judging the quality of employees, programs, and units in the organization. Actual Criterion Conceptual Criterion relevance Abstract concept or idea Measures that act as “proxies” Criterion contamination Criterion deficiency

4. Illegal Criteria Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits using selection practices that have an unequal impact on members of a different: –Race –Color –Sex –Religion –National Origin

5. Types of Illegal Discrimination Disparate Treatment (Opportunities) –D–Discrimination decisions based on one of five prohibited categories Disparate Impact (Outcomes) –I–Illegal discrimination is any practice (without a business justification) that has unequal consequences for members of protected groups. Roger Parloff, Fortune senior editor: –T–Though disparate treatment and disparate impact cases are both aimed at eradicating the same thing, there is potential tension between them. The goal of disparate treatment cases is to guarantee every worker equal opportunity, but not equal outcomes. The focus of disparate impact cases is on equal outcomes. –I–If one pursues equal outcomes too single-mindedly, one can compromise the principle of equal opportunity by inducing the use of quotas.

6. Determining Disparate Impact The 4/5ths Rule –D–Disparate impact occurs if the selection ratio for any minority group is less than 4/5ths of the selection ratio of the majority group 100 male applicants 20 males selected 50 female applicants 20/100 =.20.20 * 4/5ths(.80) =.16 At least 16% of people from minority group should be selected using a given procedure. 50 *.16 = 8 At least 8 females should be selected

7. Summary Criteria –Reliable and valid predictors of job performance. –All criteria suffer from: Deficiency Contamination –Criteria typically classified as: Objective Subjective –These labels can be misleading –There are several illegal criteria –There are two types of illegal discrimination Disparate treatment Disparate impact

8. Choosing Predictors of Job Performance When selecting new employees, I/O psychologists use criteria that will identify effective on-the-job performance Performance is a function of the following: –Knowledge –Skills –Abilities –Motivation –Situational Constraints Performance = (KSA)*Motivation – Situational Constraints

9. Job Analysis Describes: –t–the tasks that are performed type of work tools used working conditions –h–human qualities (KSAOs or competencies) needed to perform the work Tells us what tasks people do and the knowledge, skills and abilities they need to accomplish those tasks.

10. Types of Job Analysis Job-Oriented –Job components (for a carpenter) Duty: construct houses Task: build kitchen cabinets Activity: assemble cabinets Element: drill holes Person-Oriented –KSAO’s (for a carpenter) Knowledge: Have information to do a task Skill: Practiced act or behavior. Ability: Stable capacity to do task. Other personal characteristics: personality, interests, etc.

11. Examples Of KSAOs For Different Occupations JobKnowledge SkillAbilityOther Personal Characteristics LawyerConstitutional rights Writing clearlyCommunica- tion Willingness to work long hours NurseSurgical procedures Drawing bloodRemain calm in a crisis Lack of squeamishness in the sight of blood PlumberPipe designSoldering joints Hand-eye coordination Willingness to get dirty Police Officer Knowledge of legal arrest procedures Writing clearly Vigilence Willingness to risk personal safety

12. Data Collection Approaches Questionnaire –diaries Interview –critical incidents Observation Analyst does work Who do you collect data from? Subject Matter Experts -incumbent -supervisor -co-worker

13. Hiring the Best Job: Firefighter What are the major duties of a college professor? What tasks are performed to complete each duty Develop a set of KSAO’s necessary for these tasks. –should be useable for recruiting and evaluating Challenges? What other information would you want? How would you get it?

14. Selection Predictors –Any variable used to forecast a criterion –Issues Quality (Reliability & Validity) Types –Psychological Tests & Inventories –Interviews –Assessment Centers –Work Samples & Situational Exercises –Biodata –Peer Assessment –Letters of Recommendation

15. Biographical Data Good questions are about events that are: –historical –external –discrete –controllable (by the individual) –verifiable –equal access –job relevant –non-invasive (Mael, 1991) Rationale vs. empirical method

16. Biographical Data Strong criterion validity –drug use, criminal history predicts dysfunctional police behavior (Sarchione et al., 1998) –not redundant with personality (McManus & Kelly, 1999) Measurement issues –Generalizability –Faking –Fairness –Privacy concerns

17. Interviews Structured vs. Unstructured Info. gathering vs. interpersonal behavior sample Situational interview –“How would you handle a circumstance in which you needed the help of a person you did not like?” Measurement issues –structured has more criterion related validity –value of unstructured? – Illusion of validity Guidelines for structured interviews –interviewer should know about job –interviewer should NOT have prior info about interviewee –individual ratings of dimensions AFTER the interview is over

18. Work Samples perform a task under standardized conditions historically were for blue collar jobs –e.g. use of tools, demonstrate driving skills white collar examples –speech interview for foreign worker, test of basic chemistry knowledge, Measurement issues –high criterion validity if skills are similar to job –costly to administer –work best with mechanical, rather than people- oriented tasks

19. Assessment Centers Realistic tasks done in groups Assessed by multiple of raters rating multiple domains Multiple methods –in basket group exercise –leaderless group exercise Strong criterion validity (e.g., teachers, police) –overall scores predict job performance Measurement issues –costly to administer –different ratings on a task too highly correlated –dimension ratings not correlated strongly across tasks –fix? focus on behavior checklists and rater training

20. Drug Testing opinion? People are more accepting of it if job involves risks to others (Paronto, et al., 2002) Measurement issues –reliability is very high, but not perfect –Validity? Normands, Salyards, & Mahoney (1990) –over 5000 postal service applicants –those who tested positive had 59% higher absenteeism, 47% more likely to be fired –no differences in injury or accidents

21. Letters of Recommendation ever written a letter of recommendation for someone? worst criterion validity of all commonly used assessment tools –some use for screening extremely bad candidates Measurement issues –restriction of range –writer bias/investment

22. Psychological Test Characteristics Group vs. individual Objective vs. open-ended Paper & pencil vs. performance Power vs. speed

23. Psychological Test Types Ability Tests –Cognitive ability –Psychomotor ability Knowledge and skill or achievement Integrity Personality Emotional Intelligence Vocational interest

24. Integrity Tests Designed to predict whether employee will engage in counterproductive work behavior (CWB) –overt vs. personality (covert) Better at predicting general CWB and performance than theft (r =.30 -.40) Measurement issues –difficult to measure criteria! –proprietary issues (have to pay for them) –legal and privacy issues –faking

25. Personality Tests measures predispositions toward particular feelings and behaviors not all tests are based on past research many have shown incremental validity –e.g., predict when controlling for IQ Measurement issues –job relevance –not easily/often faked or a problem if faked (e.g., job faking too)

26. The Big Five Inventory Openness –Highs: imaginative, creative, and to seek out cultural and educational experiences. –Lows: more down-to-earth, less interest in art & more practical. Conscientiousness –Highs: methodical, well organized and dutiful. –Lows: less careful, less focused & more likely to be distracted Extraversion –Highs: energetic and seek out the company of others. –Lows (introverts): tend to be more quiet and reserved. Agreeableness –Highs: tend to be trusting, friendly and cooperative. –Lows: tend to be more aggressive and less cooperative Neuroticism –Highs: prone to insecurity and emotional distress. –Lows: more relaxed, less emotional and less prone to distress.

27. Intelligence Tests Have greatest validity Often very easy and inexpensive to use –Wonderlic Personnel Test 50 items 12 minute time limit Sample questions Interpreting scores? Scores vary as a function of race and ethnicity –Ethical issues? –Face validity?

29. Determining “Test” Utility Goal of testing is to make decisions about individuals on the basis of the amount of a given trait they possess. A test should give us a “true” picture of a person’s traits Test Score = True Score + Error

30. Reliability and Validity Reliability –Test-retest –Parallel (Alternate) forms –Internal Consistency Validity –Face –Content –Criterion-related –Construct-related

33. Factors Influencing Selection Quality Three factors influence selection quality –Predictor validity –Selection ratio –Base rate

34. Selection Decisions Reject Accept Predictor Score Criterion Performance Successful Performance Unsuccessful Performance r =.60 A B C D br =.50 sr =.50 True Negatives False Positives False Negatives r =1.00 True Positives sr =.25

35. Effect of Selection Ratio on Predictor Utility Reject Accept Predictor Score Criterion Performance r =.40 Selection Cutoff Score sr =.50sr =.10sr =.95

36. Effect of Predictor Validity on Predictor Utility Predictor Score Criterion Performance r =.40 Selection Cutoff Score sr =.50 r =.80r =.00

37. Selection Strategies 3 Basic Strategies –Multiple Regression Assumes relationships between predictors and criterion are linear Assumes having a lot of one attribute compensates for having little of another –Multiple Cutoff Applicants must achieve a set, minimum score on all predictors –Multiple Hurdle Applicants must achieve satisfactory scores on a number of predictors that are administered over time.