1. Ethnic, Racial & Religious Issues Created by Migration. Race: Refers to biological inheritance…. DNA or genes passed from parents to children…. Skin colour, height, physique, hair type. Ethnicity: refers to minority groups with a particular self identity such as Cubans in America or Chinese in Ireland. Groups identified by: place of birth language & fertility rates e.g.. Hispanics religion.. Muslims.

2. Racial Divisions: Apartheid in South Africa A racial separation of blacks & whites by law… 1948. Nelson Mandela imprisoned for protesting against the law. Blacks forced to live in poverty in homelands in the most depraved & inhabitable regions of South Africa. homelands people lost their right to citizenship. Non-whites could not buy land 1994 Apartheid ended.

3. Ethnic Cleansing Term first used in war in break up of former Yugoslavia. Ethnic groups are either killed or forced out of the country where they live. E.g. deliberate attempt to eliminate Muslims from Bosnia- Herzegovina led to ethnic cleansing…. massacre of Srebrenica… village wiped out. Ethnic & religious conflict in India. Muslims believed Hindus would have too much power if India gained independence from Britain & demanded partition along religious lines. Idea rejected & led to riots between Muslims & Hindus. 1947 India gained independence & country divided in two along religious lines. Social unrest continued. Pakistan became Muslim & India Hindu. Pakistan divided into East & west. Fighting continued so Hindus (6 million) fled to India & Muslims in India (7 million) fled to Pakistan.

4. Kashmir remained indep. but India & Pakistan went to war over rights to it. It united itself with India but is still disputed to this day.