1. A Different Mirror Chapter 1 and excerpts of Chapter 4
For: Dr. Linda Purrington and ELA Cohort
From: Ruth Nichols, Marisela Richardson,
Greg Sheppard, and Thelma Stevenson.
March 12, 2005

2. Norfolk Convention Center in Virginia
What is an American?
Ronald Takaki on his way to Norfolk, Virginia to attend a conference on multiculturalism.
In the cab, he had a brief conversation with the driver.
Norfolk Convention Center in Virginia

3. The cab driver asks Ronald Takaki: “How long have you been is this country?”
Ronald Takaki responds, “All my life. I was born in the United States, my family came from Japan in the 1880s.”
In a strong southern drawl, the cab driver remarks, “I was wondering because your English is excellent!”
At this point, Ronald Takaki was reminded of how important it was to be attending the conference on multiculturalism.
Somehow Ronald Takaki did not look “American” to the cab driver. Suddenly, they both became uncomfortably conscience of the racial divide that separated them.

4. Race in America Toni Morrison –
Race has functioned as a metaphor necessary for the construction of “Americanness”.
In the creation of our national identify, American has been defined as white, with based on a Eurocentric culture.
Currently, one-third of Americans do not trace their origins to Europe.

5. Racism and Fear
Collective fear stimulates herd instinct, and tends to produce ferocity toward those who are not regarded as members of the herd. Bertrand Russell
Fact During World II, Japanese Americans were interned. German and Italian Americans were not. Why?
In Hawaii, 1,444 Japanese were interned. Japanese Americans were a large part of the population of Hawaii. Large scale internment would disrupt the economy. p. 379

6. A Brief History of the United States of America
An excerpt from Michael Moore’s
“Bowling for Columbine”
The clip emphasizes that fear often motivates racism, injustice, and hatred
The clips you will see are intended to challenge your preconceptions and beliefs
Just as books such as The Culturally Proficient School by Randall Lindsey and A Different Mirror by Ronald Takaki inform and challenge us
The next slide has a review from praize.com, a Christian website

7. A Review “Bowling for Columbine”
From praize.com, a Christian Website.
Michael Moore holds up a mirror to American culture.
The mirror shows us a lot about ourselves that we may be surprised to see, even though we know it's there.
Moore has masterfully blended various elements of our culture into this picture. It is enough wild ride to qualify as entertainment. But it is important because it forces us to look at our culture and see some of the serious flaws that lead to tragedies.

8. A Brief History of the United States of America
On line version of video clip

9. Racialization of Savagery - Marisela

10. Before Columbus: Vineland
Thorvald Ericksson son of Erik the Red, Vikings sail from Greenland to the New World A.D.
First Europeans settled in the New World
Norwegian missionaries arrived in 1721 to find ruins of farms and churches
Vikings were unacknowledged until the 1960s

11. The Racialization of Savagery
The Indians of Massachusetts Bay
Native perception of the strangers (p. 24)
Manitto - “God”
Mannittowock - “They are Gods”

12. The Racialization of Savagery
Crucial timing for the performance of The Tempest (p. 26)
“Savage Irish, our enemies”
Atrocities against families (p. 27)
God-given responsibilities

13. English Expansionism Irish and Americans had parallels (p, 28)
Savagery Irish/Indian
Kidnappings of natives (p. 30)
Aristotle’s Doctrine – Natural slaves (p. 32)

14. English Settlement
Possibility for Friendship and interdependence (p. 33)
Governor Thomas Gates - Forced labor of natives to serve the colonists (p. 34)
Invasion and possession of lands - Chief Powhatan
Great Migration (p. 35)
Competition for agricultural land (p. 36)
Natives had a highly developed agricultural system (p. 38)

15. Puritan Possession Facilitated by unseen pathogens (p. 39)
Two significant events
Infected rats from Samuel de Champlain's ships
Shipwrecked infected French sailors on New England Beach
introduction of small pox

16. The Will of God
“Every man in the colony has a duty to bring the savage Indians to “civil and Christian” government.”
Virginia Promotional 1606
“For it pleased God to visit these Indains with a great sickness and such a mortality that of a thousand, above nine and a half hundred of them died …”
“God has pushed the Pequots into a “Fiery Oven,” filling the place with dead bodies.”
Commander John Mason 1637

17. What Happened in America
In Virginia
Indian savagery was view as largely cultural
In New England
Indian Savagery was view as Racialized
(p. 44)

18. Native Prespective “These English have gotten our land…”
“So we must be one as they are otherwise we shall be gone shortly…”
“We plainly see that their chiefest desire is to deprive us of the privilege of our land, and drive us off in utter ruin”

19. Jefferson
Proclaimed friendship then advocated the removal and the destruction of hostile Indians (p. 47)
Stated they were victims of their own culture (p. 47)
Factors Jefferson did not consider:
Dissemination of the game, for fur trade
Introduction of unfamiliar disease
The appropriation of their land
Brutal warfare waged against them

20. Jefferson Land Deals
First, encourage Natives to abandon hunting to take up agriculture
Second, sell more manufactured good to the natives
Run them into debt to create financial ruin
Forced sale of land
If you love the land in which your were born… (p. 49)

21. The Giddy Multitude - Thelma

22. “The presence of Africans in America becomes a reality, but how they came to be enslaved and numerous has been largely “hidden” from our understanding of the making of a multicultural America” (Takaki, p. 52).

23. What is “the giddy multitude”?
A discontented class of indentured servants, slaves, and landless freemen, both white and black

24. The color of their skin? Black White Purity Deeply stained with dirt
Innocence
Goodness
Deeply stained with dirt
Foul
Dark or deadly
Malignant
Sinister
Wicked

25. Beliefs of English Settlers about Africans
Brutish
Belonging to vile race
People of beastly living
Living without god, law, religion
Color of skin – “the devil’s incarnate”

26. Similarities (Slaves/Indentured Servants)
Common social space
Class exploitation/abuse
Iron collars around necks
Beaten/tortured
Required to have passes to leave plantations
Hard work
Came involuntarily

27. Differences Reduced to property Required to work without pay
Slaves
Indentured Servants
Reduced to property
Required to work without pay
Mostly white = 75%
Service of 4-7 years
Work to repay expenses of their passage
Responsible for production and improvements

28. Bacon’s Rebellion
Nathaniel Bacon sought to protect settlers against the Indians
Enlisted the giddy multitude/militia
Eliminate foe/redirect the white lower class’s anger
Killed Indians/”glorious” defense of the country
Charged with treason
500 men to Jamestown/burned it down
Blacks joined him in hopes of being freed from their slavery
The largest rebellion known before the American Revolution
Five years later still worried about class structure

29. Two Laws Slavery De Jure The Law of 1691 No race mixing
White mothers of interracial children fined fifteen pounds; child in servitude 30 years
Make mullato slaves stigmatize them as black
Denied free blacks the right to vote; hold office; testify in court
Virginia “elite” allowed poor whites to abuse blacks
Blacks owning any livestock seized, profits given to the poor
In exchange for white men enlisting in the American Revolution –awarded 300 acres and a slave between the ages of 10-30
Laws for punishing slaves
Black population increases
Turn to slavery significant (after Bacon’s rebellion)
Planters did not recruit white servants
Acreage/slaves given to poor whites
African slaves work without pay/cheaper than Indian and white servants

30. Thomas Jefferson’s Beliefs
Worried about class tensions
Owned slaves, thought it was good for economy
By 1822, owned 267 slaves
Capable of cruel punishment for slaves
James Hubbard
Felt guilty about owning slaves
Letters to brother/friends
Slavery abolished/remove blacks from American society
Deport future generations/infants trained and later sent away
Blacks and whites could never coexist
Color of skin/”inferior” race
Met opposition from African Americans
Phyllis Wheatley
Benjamin Banneker
Concerned of race mixing/race wars
“Wolf by the ears” p. 76

31. Teaching Tolerance

32. Overview
World War II, with German Nazism and Aryan racial supremacy, forced Americans to look at racism within their own society.
Americans must stand before the whole world in support of racial tolerance and equality.

33. Franklin Roosevelt America stood for the four freedoms:
freedom of speech
freedom of worship
freedom from want
freedom from fear
“Americanism is not, and never was, a matter of race or ancestry.”

34. On the eve of World War II
Asian immigrants were still excluded from citizenship, and in many states they were unable to own land
Mexican immigrants were pushed from welfare rolls and targeted for deportation.
Indians were confined to reservations where they were governed by federal regulations.
In the North, African Americans were restricted to reservations (ghettos), and in the South were trapped in the system of peonage – sharecropping.

35. Revolution from within
Stop denying our wholeness as members of humanity as well as one nation
As Americans, we originally came from many different shores and our diversity has been at the center of the making of America
To become visible is to see ourselves and each other in a different mirror of history

36. Teaching Cultural Tolerance
The Caring School Community Program features collaborative, non-competitive activities which promote helpfulness, inclusiveness, responsibility, service learning, and academic growth throughout the school. Buddy Programs feature relationship building and collaborative learning activities involving younger and older students working together on activities.
Have students make friendship or remembrance bracelets which can be exchanged or worn within a school to show solidarity during a crisis or sent to students in another school.
Study circles provide small-group, democratic, peer-led discussions which are a simple way to involve students in dialogue and action on important social and political issues.
“The Believing Game” is designed to introduce perspective taking through role playing and simulations. As students make decisions and face problems from another's perspective, they may experience feelings similar to those felt by an individual or group faced with the same circumstances.
Incorporate multicultural education into your student's daily studies.
Judie Haynes,

37. Culturally proficient leaders
Question your assumptions and change your attitude
Redefine your purpose
Commit to facing difficult sociocultural problems …not easy, but tackle it
Engage others in facing the challenge
Support others in questioning values, changing perspectives, developing new ways of behaving

38. A Different Mirror Credits: Ruth Nichols, Marisela Richardson,
Greg Sheppard, and Thelma Stevenson.
March 12, 2005
Questions to Consider
What is the cultural proficiency of your school? How do you measure it ? What actions can you take to increase the cultural proficieny of your school?