1. Percent Yield and Limiting Reactants
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Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Edited by bbg

2. Theoretical, Actual, and Percent Yield
Theoretical yield
The maximum amount of product, which is calculated using the balanced equation.
Actual yield
The amount of product obtained when the reaction takes place.
Percent yield
The ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield.
percent yield = actual yield (g) x theoretical yield (g)

3. Guide to Calculations for Percent Yield
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4. Calculating Percent Yield
You prepared cookie dough to make 5 dozen cookies.
The phone rings and you answer. While you talk, a sheet
of 12 cookies burn and you throw them out. The rest
of the cookies are okay. What is the percent yield of
edible cookies?
Theoretical yield 60 cookies possible
Actual yield cookies to eat
Percent yield 48 cookies x 100 = 80% yield cookies

5. Learning Check
Without proper ventilation and limited oxygen, the reaction of carbon and oxygen produces carbon monoxide.
2C(g) O2(g) CO(g)
What is the percent yield if 40.0 g CO are produced when 30.0 g O2 are used?
1) 25.0%
2) 75.0%
3) 76.2%

6. Solution 3) 76.2 % yield theoretical yield of CO
30.0 g O2 x 1 mole O2 x 2 moles CO x g CO
32.0 g O mole O mole CO
= g CO (theoretical)
percent yield
40.0 g CO (actual) x 100 = % yield
52.5 g CO (theoretical)

7. Learning Check When N2 and 5.00 g H2 are mixed, the reaction
produces 16.0 g NH3. What is the percent yield for
the reaction?
N2(g) + 3H2(g) NH3(g)
1) %
2) %
3) %

8. Solution 2) 56.5 % N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
2) %
N2(g) + 3H2(g) NH3(g)
5.00 g H2 x 1 mole H2 x 2 moles NH3 x 17.0 g NH3
2.02 g H moles H mole NH3
= g NH3 (theoretical)
Percent yield = g NH3 x 100 = %
28.2 g NH3

9. Limiting Reactant A limiting reactant in a chemical reaction is the
substance that
Is used up first.
Limits the amount of product that can form and stops the reaction.

10. Reacting Amounts In a table setting, there is 1plate,
1 fork, 1 knife, and 1 spoon.
How many table settings are
possible from 5 plates, 6 forks,
4 spoons, and 7 knives?
What is the limiting item?
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11. Reacting Amounts Only 4 place settings are possible.
Initially Used Left over
Plates
Forks
Spoons
Knives
The limiting item is the spoon.
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12. Example of An Everyday Limiting Reactant
How many peanut butter sandwiches could be made from 8 slices of bread and 1 jar of peanut butter?
With 8 slices of bread, only 4 sandwiches could be made. The bread is the limiting item.

13. Example of An Everyday Limiting Reactant
How many peanut butter sandwiches could be made from 8 slices bread and 1 tablespoon of peanut butter?
With 1 tablespoon of peanut butter, only 1 sandwich could be made. The peanut butter is the limiting item.

14. Guide to Calculating Product from a Limiting Reactant
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15. Limiting Reactant
When 4.00 moles H2 is mixed with 2.00 moles Cl2,how many moles of HCl can form?
H2(g) Cl(g)  2HCl (g)
4.00 moles moles ??? moles
Calculate the moles of product that each reactant, H2 and Cl2, could produce.
The limiting reactant is the one that produces the smallest amount of product.

16. Limiting Reactant HCl from H2
4.00 moles H2 x 2 moles HCl = moles HCl
1 moles H2 (not possible)
HCl from Cl2
2.00 moles Cl2 x 2 moles HCl = moles HCl
1 mole Cl (smaller number of moles, Cl2 will be used up first)
The limiting reactant is Cl2 because it is used up first. Thus Cl2 produces the smaller number of moles of HCl.

17. Check Calculations Initially H2 4.00 moles Cl2 2.00 moles 2HCl 0 mole
Reacted/
Formed
-2.00 moles
+4.00 moles
Left after reaction
Excess
mole
Limiting

18. Limiting Reactants Using Mass
If 4.80 moles Ca are mixed with 2.00 moles N2, which is the limiting reactant?
3Ca(s) + N2(g)  Ca3N2(s)moles of Ca3N2 from Ca
4.80 moles Ca x 1 mole Ca3N2 = 1.60 moles Ca3N moles Ca (Ca is used up)
moles of Ca3N2 from N2
2.00 moles N2 x 1 mole Ca3N2 = moles Ca3N2
1 mole N (not possible)
Ca is used up when 1.60 mole Ca3N2 forms.
Thus, Ca is the limiting reactant.

19. Limiting Reactants Using Mass
Calculate the mass of water produced when 8.00 g H2
and 24.0 g O2 react?
2H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l)

20. Limiting Reactants Using Mass
Moles H2O from H2:
8.00 g H2 x 1 mole H2 x 2 moles H2O = 3.97 moles H2O
2.02 g H moles H (not possible)
Moles H2O from O2:
24.0 g O2 x 1 mole O2 x 2 moles H2O = 1.50 moles H2O
32.0 g O mole O O2 is limiting
The maximum amount of product is 1.50 moles H2O,
which is converted to grams.
1.50 moles H2O x 18.0 g H2O = 27.0 g H2O
1 mole H2O