1. CDI Module 4: Mapping Community Structure, Networks and Organization
©Jhpiego Corporation
The Johns Hopkins University
A Training Program on Community- Directed Intervention (CDI) to Improve Access to Essential Health Services

2. Module 4 Objectives By the end of this module, learners will:
State the definition of community used in “to roll out community-directed interventions (CDIs)”
Describe the purpose of community mapping in building support and solving problems
Explain the value of involving community members in mapping their own community
List the steps and activities needed to map the organizations and resources in a community

3. Community in CDI In CDI, we create a strong community-clinic linkage
We start our definition of community by identifying all the settlements, villages, etc. that are served by a primary health care facility (catchment area)
To make CDI effective, we work with each of the smallest functional units of a community (such as a kindred, clan, neighborhood, hamlet)

4. Mapping
Mapping is:
A very important component of almost all practical situation assessments
A joint activity with the community that can help everyone involved learn more
All programs need to have a sense of where:
People live
The problem areas are
The community resources are located
Others are doing their activities

5. Resource and Social Mapping
Locating Physical Structures
Health facilities and providers
Schools, religious institutions
Boundaries
Understanding Social Relationships
Existing organizations, associations, societies and levels of activity
Wards (sub-districts), kinship groups
Utilization patterns and barriers
Communities are built from their social networks

6. Why Social Mapping?
In mapping, we are interested in our target population—for example pregnant women—and the people or groups with whom they relate:
Pregnant women
People pregnant women turn to for advice and assistance
Key members of social networks to which pregnant women belong
Mapping helps link people in need with the services and resources they need

7. Social Mapping Helps Make Sense
Mapping provides useful tools for making sense of social networks and behaviors related to using services during pregnancy
In this case, we are interested in:
The size of the population group we are targeting
Their utilization behaviors
The places and persons to whom they go for help
What attracts them to these people and places

8. Mapping Is Not Just about Locations
When community members are involved in mapping, they learn more about the problems and resources in their community
They can visualize service quality issues like access and equity
What can you tell about the community from this map?

9. Components of Mapping During the community meeting:
Ask the group to list key persons and organizations in the community that can help promote the program
Identify any potential road blocks or people who might oppose the program
Learn about the community’s past development efforts and why these did or did not succeed
Past efforts provide lessons on how to undertake future efforts more successfully

10. Map Health and Development Resources
Ask people:
To name and describe the location of key health and development resources that the community values, such as:
Healers
Opinion leaders
Medicine shops
Local associations, etc.
About major sub-divisions (e.g., wards, communities, kindreds/clans and settlements)

11. Map Resources for Women
Specifically ask about resources—people and organizations—to whom pregnant women go for advice and help, for example:
Where do they get advice?
Are there women who regularly deliver babies?
Where do they get medicines?
From whom do they get financial, emotional and other support?
Take notes during the meeting

12. Identify Women’s Associations and Support Groups

13. Use the Social Mapping Information
At the community meeting, encourage people to use the information generated to help plan program development, for example:
Develop criteria for the best types of people to serve as community-directed distributors (CDDs)—for example, for malaria in pregnancy (MIP) programming
Determine sub-communities (e.g., kindreds/clans, settlements, neighborhoods) that could form the basis of selecting CDDs)

14. If There Is Time, Actual Maps Can Be Drawn and Kept with the Community

15. Mapping Varies by Type of Community
Many factors influence a community’s structure, organization and networks, such as:
The status and concentration of the services in the area
Whether it is urban or rural
The way people utilize the services that are available

16. Rural and Urban Communities
Some Rural Issues
Greater community cohesion and identity
Smaller and more dispersed units
Seasonal habitations (e.g., farm hamlets)
Generally poorer
Can you think of other examples?
Some Urban Issues
Weaker identity and cohesion
More compact, but people travel far for work and social needs
Financial gain often supersedes other social needs
Greater divide between poverty and wealth

17. Chart the Mapping Results for Malaria in Pregnancy
Community Resource
Specific Examples
Names of women leaders
Names of community sub-sections (e.g., kindreds/clans, settlements)
Names and locations of health resources—public, private, indigenous
Names of key women’s social groups
Other special resources for pregnant women

18. Discussion—A Look at Other Issues
Let’s think of another health issue, for example:
Community management of child illness
Food security
Home-based care for people with HIV
What are the community resources we would need to find and map for these issues?

19. Chart the Results for Another Health Issue
Community Resource
Specific Examples
Names of leaders
Names of community sub-sections (e.g., kindreds/clans, settlements)
Names and locations of health resources—public, private, indigenous
Names of key social groups
Other special resources

20. Summary and Conclusions
Community members’ involvement in social mapping can help them learn more about problems and resources in their community
Service issues like access and equity are more easily visualized by community members
Community participation in mapping makes community landmarks and identity more visible
Mapping helps link people in need with the services and resources they need